How Shall We Care for Our Frail Elders? :: essays research papers fc

How Can We Best Care for our Frail Elders?The issue of what constitutes outperform care for the elderly is not easily identified nor readily defined. There are widely differing points of view, each with its own strengths and limitations. In addition, arguments are often broad of bias and assumptions, making it even more challenging to form an intelligent opinion regarding this difficult problem. Differing points of view provide a variety of evidence, biases, and assumptions to be examined and taken before coming to a personal conclusion.Alan Sager, an associate professor at Boston Universitys School of Medicine, is in favor of a national health insurance policy that guarantees quality health care for everyone (Sager, 152). He insists that the government already spends enough to provide health care coverage for every citizen (Sager, 153). He presents a four-part plan with health care for all with no out-of-pocket expenses, financially neutral physicians and health-care profession als, hospitals operating on limited budgets, and freedom for each individualist to choose a caregiver (Sager, 157). Sager provides many specific percentages, dollar amounts, and population numbers to supply supporting evidence. However, his attacks on Medicare distract from his proposed plan. (Sager, 155).Richard Lamm, former governor of cobalt and current professor at the University of Denver, asks some difficult questions as he challenges the priorities in our current health care system where we spend too a good deal money on high-technology care for a few and too little on basic health care for the many (Lamm, 160). He also cautiously cites percentages and population figures in his evidence statements. However, Lamms biases weaken his argument drastically. He over-uses hot adjectives and draws parallels that do not represent evidence but rather thrust at the readers emotions (pain-racked existence, spend fantastic amounts, small chance of survival, over treating our sick and under educating our kids (Lamm, 159-160). The complexities of this situation run deep. There are no simple answers or one-time, one-size-fits-all solutions. There is not one correct answer. Some of the reasons for many of the uncertainties that cause this problem to be so complex are1)Extreme measures are world taken to extend the bearingtime of very old people2)Sometimes when life is extended the quality of life may be severely cut down3)People with Alzheimers and Dementia are no longer fully aware of their surroundings4)The elderly have already lived for decades5)Opinions about the sanctify of life vary widely.Once an open-ended problem has been identified, the solutions offered must be examined for bias, assumptions, and objections.

Data Storage - History, Technologies, and Challenges :: data storage store

Data storage covers many beas. Anywhere information is stored for later retrieval could be considered data storage. patch it is not the first thing we would think of, a bill board advertisement is data storage. The advertisement (data) is meant to be read (retrieved) by many people. opposite examples that might more readily come to mind include check books (storing your financial information), filing cabinets and books, among many others.What we will attempt to do here is defend a (brief) history of data storage, especially as it applies to computers, and outline the current technologies that are used to store data, and their limitations. We also want to discuss the exciting data-storage technologies that are on the horizon. These new technologies will allow data storage to continue to be inexpensive and reliable.Computers, when it gets right down to it, only have two states which are recognized on and off. As it processes information, all it really sees are a series of ones and zeros. These ones and zeros are called bits, and computers are what are called binary machines, meaning they process ones and zeros, or binary information. So, a character such as S is represented to the computer as 01010011 (8 bits are known as a byte). Pay financial aid This will be important later, as this is how computers store data as well. A brief, yet (almost) entirely inaccurate, history of data storage.A really tenacious time ago, man started wanting to store data. He realized that always trying to rely on human memory can have its pitfalls. on that point had to be a way to augment the humans capacity to remember. Thus, data storage. The first attempts at data storage used sun dried clay tablets with characters etched in them. They realized very quickly that this was not entirely efficient. You didnt have to write much before you couldnt carry it around any more. Pocketbooks would have never flown, let alone walked. Well, it could have walked, but with great difficulty. But I digress.The search began for more efficient methods of data storage. The Egyptians came up with the idea of making physical composition out of papi--, papy--, river reeds. Now they could store a lot of information, in funny little characters that no one could read until the Rosetta Stone, in a much smaller amount of space.

Sport Is The Greatest School Of Vanity :: essays papers

Sport Is The Greatest School Of Vanity It is two oclock on Saturday the 22 February 2000. It is the day of the yearly Hilton VS Michael House rugby game. In the stands, five hundred schoolboys eagerly await the arrival of the fifteen so-called Gods dressed in the shadowy and white to survey racing onto the field. As the Titans take the field all five Hundred of them jump up and applause them in one happy roar. The out surface of the game is eight to five in Hiltons favor. They all run on and form a circle around the fifteen exultant Gladiators and as they chant O boys the spirit and not to mention the egos argon raised to an all time high.It is three oclock on Saturday the 12 November. It is the Natal Witness inter-schools chess game championship and Hilton College has made it to the finals. The best players from either side are competing for one of the most prestigious chess titles in mho Africa. In the stands, nobody, as usual. The pressure is getting to both of th e boys, but in the end Hilton pulls through with a tight win. The boys get into the charabanc and go covering to school. Monday morning comes and the whole school is bowing down to the almighty fifteen who by this stage are over flowing with presumption and contemptuous pride. The praise that they receive is almost overwhelming. Monday morning comes and no one even says good morning to the members of the chess team. The praise that they receive for their good parkway is non-existent. This is the case in many schools all over the world where students are praised for their performance on the gamings fields and not in the classroom. The question one has to subscribe him or her is what are students actually sent to school for is it to watch over on the sports field or is it to achieve in the classroom. Many say that it should be a careful and peer balance between the two, yet very often it leans too much in favor of sport. This is when schools start getting the attit ude that sport comes first and realise comes second. Average students that are good at sport are given scholarships instead of the knowledge hungry hard workers who want to succeed in tone not sport.Sport Is The Greatest School Of Vanity essays papersSport Is The Greatest School Of Vanity It is two oclock on Saturday the 22 February 2000. It is the day of the annual Hilton VS Michael House rugby game. In the stands, five hundred schoolboys eagerly await the arrival of the fifteen so-called Gods dressed in the black and white to come racing onto the field. As the Titans take the field all five Hundred of them jump up and praise them in one euphoric roar. The out come of the game is eight to five in Hiltons favor. They all run on and form a circle around the fifteen victorious Gladiators and as they sing O boys the spirit and not to mention the egos are raised to an all time high.It is three oclock on Saturday the 12 November. It is the Natal Witness inter-schools che ss championship and Hilton College has made it to the finals. The best players from either side are competing for one of the most prestigious chess titles in South Africa. In the stands, nobody, as usual. The pressure is getting to both of the boys, but in the end Hilton pulls through with a tight win. The boys get into the bus and go back to school. Monday morning comes and the whole school is bowing down to the almighty fifteen who by this stage are over flowing with arrogance and contemptuous pride. The praise that they receive is almost overwhelming. Monday morning comes and no one even says good morning to the members of the chess team. The praise that they receive for their good effort is non-existent. This is the case in many schools all over the world where students are praised for their performance on the sports fields and not in the classroom. The question one has to ask him or her is what are students actually sent to school for is it to succeed on the sports field or is it to achieve in the classroom. Many say that it should be a careful and equal balance between the two, yet very often it leans too much in favor of sport. This is when schools start getting the attitude that sport comes first and work comes second. Average students that are good at sport are given scholarships instead of the knowledge hungry hard workers who want to succeed in life not sport.

Mix-tape Phenomenon Essay example -- Music Arts Rap Papers

Mix-tape PhenomenonThis rap game, this rap game / I aint sellin my soul for this rap game... - 50 CentJust 20 geezerhood ago, hip-hop music was thought to be just a simple fad, passing its way through the mainstream of pop music leaving classic dancing hall anthems like Kurtis Blows Basketball and Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Fives White Lines (Dont Do It) in its wake. But today, hip-hop is a worldwide phenomenon, marking its influence in the world of fashion design (Jay-Zs Roca-Wear and OutKast clothing lines), product marketing (McDonalds and Sprite), and even television shows and movies (Eminems 8-Mile and most recently, Honey, starring Jessica Alba). Through the past two decades, hip-hop has proved the genre could stand the test of time, scarcely lately, purists say hip-hop is on a steady decline, thanks in part to bubble-gum rap or hip-pop created by artists such as Ja Rule and Nelly. Hip-pop is when an artist focuses on making records that will be accepted in mainstrea m pop radio and gain massive air-play, but sells-out the artists integrity. One way hip-hop is fighting back against the mainstream backlash is the emergence of mix-tapes, albums created by passage DJs featuring exclusive tracks, artist-to-artist disses, and occasionally, unofficial album releases. But before looking into what may be the future of hip-hop music, lets take a trip back in time to South Bronx, New York City, circa 1977.Lets take it back to the cover streets / Original beats with real, live emcees / Playground tactics / No rabbit-in-a-hat tricks / Just that classic rappin from Jurassic. - Jurassic 5Hip-hop pioneer DJ Grand sentience Theodore, then 17 years old, was practicing his craft as usual, when his moth... ...in a positive force in hip-hop music. And now that former street DJs such as Kay Slay and Whoo Kid have released commercial mix-tape albums that, according to McDonald, have sold on par with huge holiday season releases from Jay-Z, Alicia Keys and the G- Unit, the door for other street DJs looking to establish a name for themselves has swung wide open.A lot of times, whether its medicine or mechanics, a lot of people spend their life putting something together and then address it to the public and then sometimes the public might say, Nah, says Grandmaster Flash of the mix-tapes evolution. But thank god this thing has continued to rise up and may it continue to grow. May there be many Ron Gs and many Clues and many more Brucie B.s. Lets keep this thing poppin.Relevant Linkswww.mtv.comwww.allmixtapes.comwww.mcexposition.comwww.ughh.com

Definition Essay- The Evolved Meaning of Private -- Definition Essays

Definition Essay- The Evolved Meaning of PrivateThe word mystical has changed very much over the past 600 years. When the word first originated it had a few epigrammatic meanings. Today, the word private has plenty of definitions, some of which many people do not know. For instance, it is interesting to learn that private means apart from the state or a person not receiving treatment under the National Health Service or any similar state scheme (Landau). Spending while looking through dictionaries helps to gain a much better understanding of a word many think they know very well.The various dictionaries containing private states it as meaning seclusion, apart from the public body, a soldier with rank below corporal, etc. which are the meanings that are previously understood. Many of the dictionaries have several(prenominal) definitions that seem similar. Modern definitions often say the same thing, such as intimate, confidential, confined to one person, peculiar to a limited pers on, and property of a particular individual (Simpson). Before examining the definition if this wo...

Definition Essay- The Evolved Meaning of Private -- Definition Essays

Definition Essay- The Evolved Meaning of PrivateThe war cry private has changed very much all over the past 600 years. When the word first originated it had a few concise meanings. Today, the word private has plenty of definitions, some of which many people do not know. For instance, it is kindle to learn that private means apart from the state or a person not receiving treatment under the National Health Service or any similar state scheme (Landau). Spending time looking through dictionaries helps to gain a much better understanding of a word many think they know very well.The various dictionaries containing private states it as meaning seclusion, apart from the public body, a soldier with rank below corporal, and so forth which are the meanings that are previously understood. Many of the dictionaries have several definitions that seem similar. Modern definitions often say the same thing, such as intimate, confidential, confined to single person, peculiar to a particular person, and property of a particular individual (Simpson). Before examining the definition if this wo...

My Genome, Myself

Amy Harmon is living normal and healthy life with hotshot child in preschool, I assume that she is living a pretty good and pleasant life, still Amy feels attracted to the idea of knowing about her genome and how her health Is evolving through out her life. Amy Harmon Is carnal knowledge us about the breaking technology with desoxyribonucleic acid, how It can reveal our future, and tell us if we have any spirit disease or cancer, this will permit us know our destiny and make us stop the eventuall(a)y evolving cancer tumor in our body.These kind of tests only cost about 1,000 $ and one simple salvia sample, and thats it, Amy tells us that he feels addicted after Just three weeks of daily communion with her genes, it has become a natural daily casual for her, as normal as brushing our teeth every night and morning, Amy checks her account on the site anadem the site Is the start up company that deals with DNA and our genomes. His Is also the site Amy uses on a daily basis, actually hours every day, Amy is not only using the site to check out dangers that may look in the future, but also things like temperament and regular behavior, to check all these DNA strips is like looking under the skin and see the robbers you riding habit see with your bare eyes, thats why the DNA test attracts pack from every corner of the world. But what would you do when or if a very rare heart disease appears In your system that is Incur adapted, or something you cant work your way through, Like a skin disease or eye-problems, cancer, aids or many new(prenominal) dangerous disease.This is something Amy Harmon has thought about, she wont let her daughter look at her DNA strips, this is because she is afraid to find something that Is incurable and life threatening. Amy Harmon uses a very trying and adult engage in this article, it makes the content much more serious then If the article was written In a childish way, the difficult wrangling makes us automatically think that this Is a serious case and therefore we dont doubt the case.Another thing that makes the reader interested in thing topic, is that Amy uses very personalised examples instead of using examples from other peoples life, the article is suddenly very close to our own life, we can understand her issues and we can also understand her addiction to the cloistered of our body. Many of the risks associated with genetic testing involve the ethical, legal emotional, social, and consequences of the test results.The result can reveal a very ugly and grim discovery hex not all people can deal with, I thank many people will get storage Trot Walton Day Knolling all sorts AT things Insane you, in worst case it can end in suicide witch would be gruesome. And many people wont be able to provide the same amount of work if they knew they are carrying a deadly disease with them, this would be fatal for a society, the system would have to ay for all the people who got sick and needed medical treatment and by this I mean mental sick.

Emission Testing Essay

With this paper I hope to gain a better understanding of emission defilement and the emission testing process. With my research and my visit to the local Clean Air Car get out site, I have compiled information that go forth prove valuable. I will define emission contaminant and the major contributors. I will answer the why we have to emission test.I will also debate you through the testing process. My overall goal of this paper is to ascertain whether or not emission testing is an effective way to reduce or forestall emission pollution when one owns a vehicle. Emission Pollution Emissions describe the catalystes and particles that be released into the air by many different sources, including vehicles. According to the U. S. Environmental safeguard Agency (EPA) web site, the sources of emissions are put into four categories point, mobile, biogenic, and area.Point sources include factories, mobile sources include vehicles, biogenic sources include gas seeps, and area sources in clude ironic cleaners (EPA, 2006). For this paper, we will focus on mobile sources. Driving is the most polluting thing that we can do. The National Safety Council (NSC) states that motor vehicles release millions of tons of pollutants, assort as toxics, into the air each year. These toxics cause around 1,500 cases of cancer every year. Car emissions also fall in to acid rain and global warming (NSC, 2006).Vehicles come three major pollutants hydro carbon papers, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide. The Coalition for Clean Air (CCA) web site states that hydrocarbons are defined as compounds containing various combinations of hydrogen and carbon atoms. Nitrogen Oxides pertain to compounds of nitric acid, nitrogen dioxide, and other oxides of nitrogen. They are typically created during combustion processes, and are major contributors to smog and acid deposition (CCA, 2007). The National found of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) website displays the text book, Chemicals, the Environment and You.They define carbon monoxide as a color little, odorless poison gas produced by incomplete combustion of innate matter (NIEHS, 2000). The Clean Air Car Check (CACC) web site says, Cars and light duty trucks afford 30-50 % of the pollution that cause harmful ozone and also contribute significantly to the amount of air toxics and particulate matter in the environment (CACC, n. d. ). They also state that if our vehicles are properly maintained, there will be less contamination released in the air and ground water (CACC, n. d. ). What effect does emission pollution have on our environment?The Clean Air Car Check answers this by stating, Hydrocarbons are unburned gasoline particles that contribute to the formation of ground level ozone, often referred to as smog. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas formed from partially burned fuel that can adversely affect mental function, visual focus, alertness, and can even cause death. Nitrogen oxides, when mixed with other compounds, can contribute to ground level ozone, acid rain, water quality deterioration and global warming. Ozone is an irritant produced from emissions from gasoline powered vehicles.It can cause eye and throat irritations, respiratory distress, and damage breathing passages, making it difficult for the lungs to work. Ozone is formed near the ground in a photochemical process 1) Gasoline, inconvenience oneselfts and solvents evaporate, thereby releasing hydrocarbons. 2) Cars and factories burn fogey fuels, releasing nitrogen oxide and reactive hydrocarbons. 3) Heat and sunlight trigger a photochemical reaction between these emissions, transforming them into ozone (CACC, n. d. ). Emission Testing The time is here again time to take the car in to be emission tested. What a pain in the neckYou might trust that emission testing is a waste of time, and an inconvenience. What some people may not realize is that motor vehicle manufacturers are required to meet more and more seve re pollution emission standards, and it is our responsibility to maintain our vehicles (CACC, n. d. ). Recognizing faulty emission control systems and having them repaired has reduced ozone emissions by more than 4,000 pounds each summer day. Testing is just part of the 1990 federal Clean Air Act. The goal of the act is to improve our quality of air by reducing hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides (CACC, n. . ). The testing procedure may differ meagrely depending on the age of the vehicle being tested. All vehicles, however, will get a gas cap pressure check. This test is used to see if the vehicles gas cap is keeping fuel vapors from escaping (CACC, n. d. ). Vehicles made from 1996 or newer will receive the on-board diagnostics test (OBD). This tests the vehicles on-board computer to make sure there are no malfunctions. The next test is the inspection and maintenance test (I/M 93). Vehicles made from 1981-1995 will be put on a treadmill, called a dynamometer.The kick out is capture d to evaluate the effectiveness of the emission control equipment (CACC, n. d. ). The last test is for vehicles from 1976-1980. A metal probe is inserted into the tailpipe fleck it is idle and a sensor is put on the hood to measure the engine speed (CACC, n. d. ). Vehicles that were made in 1975 or older are not required to be emission tested. I of late took a trip to my local Clean Air Car Check site to watch the testing procedure. A man told me that having people stand out the waiting area is not usually allowed, but since I was doing research for school he allowed it.He also did not want his name to be used in my final paper. He did not want me to be in the way so he asked me to stay as far away as possible and he offered me a face mask. The first vehicle to be inspected was a 1990 Ford Ranger. The tester walked around the vehicle with a farseeing mirror, making frequent stops. I asked him what this step was for and he replied that it was to check for fluid leaks, holes in the exhaust system, or any modifications that may cause a guard duty hazard. Once the Ranger was inspected, the driver was asked to leave the vehicle and sit in the waiting area.The inspector checked the Ranger for a catalytic converter and because attached a device to the gas cap. This was the gas cap pressure check that makes sure that no fuel vapors are escaping. After that, the inspector set the Ranger onto a treadmill device and had attached a large hose to the tailpipe. As he watched a screen he drove the Ranger as if he were driving it on the road. Accelerating and braking when necessary. The large hose collects the exhaust to check for emissions. The inspector let the driver return to the Ranger while he gathered the results.With a smile he politely said, Congratulations, you passed. The next few vehicles went through the same process. There was a different test, however, performed on a 2000 Chevrolet Blazer. After the inspector performed the gas cap pressure check, he pl ugged something into the bottom of the dashboard. I asked him what this process was and he said it was a scan neb and it is plugged into the OBD connector on the Blazer. He said it will read the Blazers computer and analyze whether or not the OBD system is working(a) properly.I was at the Clean Air Car Check site for a little over an hour. Unfortunately, I did not see any vehicles that were from 1976-1980 so the probe test was not performed. Before I left, I asked the inspector why diesel engine trucks do not have to be tested. He said, Unlike unbroken gas exhaust, the exhaust from a diesel engine has really low levels of the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. They just arent as polluting as regular cars. Not necessarily agreeing with his last statement, I asked him how long he had worked there. He said with a smile, 10 long years.I have learned a lot, almost too much. Effectiveness How effective is emission testing? It is effective enough to reduce emission pollution by 4,000 pou nds every summer day. I asked the emission test inspector his opinion on the effectiveness of emission testing. If our cars were not tested, the air would be much worse. He said, I think that having your car tested and repaired is keeping that much more crap out of our air. My friend, who we will call Jan, said, Emission testing is a big pain in the butt, and only three counties in Indiana do it, and I thinkTHAT alone is bull. Doesnt make sense. I think that if they are way out to do it, it should be in all fifty states, and all counties. She continued, But, if it is careing reduce the pollution in the air we breathe, I guess I will have to put up with it. I think that testing is effective because if a vehicle does not pass, it has a time period to be repaired or it will not be able to get registered. This car will not be allowed to drive on the road, and that is less emission toxics flowing into our air. final resultEmission pollution is a major issue in not only Indiana, but the rest of the country. If these toxics are released from our vehicles, and emission testing can help reduce the flow, then I strongly believe it is a step in the right direction.

Case Analysis of IKEA Invades America

IKEA is a private home products retailer, which deals internationally in flat pack furniture, accessories, and bathroom and kitchen items. IKEA is the company which is being ascertained as the start in flat-pack designed furniture this firm is now the largest furniture manufacturer of the populace, with 120,000 employees around the globe.The revenues of IKEA have been growing at a rapid pace in the past few years, in the fiscal year of 2008-2009 these amounts soared up to $28.8 billion USD this indicates a growth of 7 percent in comparison of the last year. The occasion behind this rapid growth of IKEA is that it has been focusing on providing the market with affordable home furnishing products (Grant, 2005,p.120) that it is why it has been a major success all across the world especially in Europe where middle class earners have become citizens of the IKEA world.Delivering economic value priced home furnishing products has been the intention of IKEA since its formation way back i n 1943. IKEA has been on the verge of a major success in the American market as its stakes are rising in the US since every brief day no doubt that the managers at IKEA have devised some ingenious strategies which have earned this multinational giant a strong position in the North-American market as well.The American market is majorly divided into two prime segments and the basis of this division is price. The low and the middle class customers tend to buy from antithetical local outlets or marts (like Wal-Mart, Target etc) due to the expensive nature of the products offered by the stylish and the renowned brands. Whilst the upper class opts for the luxurious and classy outlets where the goods are overpriced, these sellers regard their products as onetime buy.If we analyze IKEAs strategy on the other hand it caters to the low and the middle classes primarily by providing them the right value of their money, not only this the missing feature of style is also added by IKEA, and henc e the Americans are getting influenced by the IKEA magic. The share of the premium priced sellers is not a good deal in the American market (merely 14-15 percent), so the strategy of IKEA is gaining it the market share and thus it is being translated in the revenue account.

Past, Present, and Future

The purpose of this paper is to reflect on my personal and nonrecreational ingathering during my Criminal justness course of study of study at the University of Phoenix. The paper will reflect upon where I was before I began college at the University of Phoenix. Then I will evaluate the growth I experienced during my University of Phoenix program of study. To conclude, the paper will analyze the impact of completing the University of Phoenix bachelors program on my current and future professional goals.I went to college for the first cartridge clip right after high school and learned very quickly that I did not sack out why I was there. I attained a job, thinking I would return when I decided what I wanted to be. The second time I went to college, I was in my early thirties, and because of the daycare I had been providing in my home, decided I should pursue a degree in early education. By the time I finished my general education courses, I changed my mind. I no longer wanted a degree in early education, and did not write out what degree I wanted.Once again I quit college with a decision to return, once I knew what I wanted to be when I grew up. Many long time went by and during those years I worked antithetic low-level low-pay jobs. I began working for present Farm in the call center of the claims department in 2003. Although this put was also a low-level, low-paying job, I was enjoying breeding the process of insurance claims and wanted to pursue a different position within the claims department. My supervisor encouraged me to go back to college because a degree would make me more competitive for higher positions within the company.In the next couple years, I managed to receive a position in a different department, but still low level. I continued in this position for three years and during this time, I had interviewed for three positions that I did not receive because I lacked a degree. My supervisor again encouraged me to go back to college to ac quire the problem-solving, written and oral communication skills I need to board within the company. My desire was to return to college but did not deliberate I could work full-time while going to college.I shared this reasoning with my coworker who told me about the University of Phoenix, so I contacted the school and made an appointment. University of Phoenixs accelerated program was the answer I needed. Each course was five calendar weeks and I would take mavin course at a time. A program of study was my next dilemma as I never decided on this in the past. I did have a desire to work in the Special Investigative Unit in the claims department, so I spoke with a claim proxy within that department who had a degree in Criminal Justice, and my choice was made.The first class I took was GEN/300 Skills for Professional Development that helped me to understand a new way of encyclopedism. I was used to a traditional curriculum study a textbook, then take a test. GEN/300 taught me t he computer skills and the tools needed for this new way of reading. Instead of tests, I learned to write academic papers that illustrated that I understood the course information. My research skills were enhanced as I learned to go beyond the textbook and use the Internet to retrieve information needed for my assignments. I was also introduced to a learning team environment.The learning team taught me how to work with different personalities to accomplish the same goal (University of Phoenix, 2008). In SCI/362 Environmental Issues and Ethics, the learning team assignment was a case study. Each week the learning team worked on a specific part of the case study that would build up to the final presentation for week five. This style of learning enhanced my written and oral communication skills as I worked with the team. The learning team learned to use each others strengths to put the presentation together (University of Phoenix, 2008).The two core courses during my program of study that had the greatest effect on my potential employment are CJA/413 Ethics in Criminal Justice and CJA 423 Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice. These two courses revealed to me that everyone does not perceive the world the same as I do. People who are from a different culture may have different ethics than I. This concept opened my understanding that I need to consider peoples cultures and ethics to relegate more successfully in professional settings.This is an essential tool that everyone needs to be successful in the business world (University of Phoenix, 2009). My college experience with the University of Phoenix has been repugn at times but rewarding. The most challenging was the learning teams. Each team I was on seemed to face the same problem, which was to meet outside the classroom. team up members schedules conflicted, which made it difficult to meet to work on the team assignment. I believe the classroom setting should include mandatory learning team meetings. The m eetings should be at the beginning or middle of the classroom time.When time is given for learning team meetings during class, my experience has been that the professor gives the time at the end of class, and this has not been productive. Most of the class members have worked all day, and they are tired, so either they leave class early or they are not productive in the meetings. Online courses at University of Phoenix should be more affordable to students. This would help during times in a students life when he or she cannot make it to class. For example, a mother may have a sick child and whereas a florists chrysanthemum cannot attend a class, a mom with a sick child could still attend class if the class is online.Mom with a sick child is just one example of the many situations that go in up in life that an online course would better serve the student than the classroom setting. As I discussed earlier in this paper, I work for State Farm in the Auto Claims Department and with my Bachelors degree in Criminal Justice my goal is to attain a position within the Special Investigative Unit. This unit works claims that may be fraudulent. I am taking online claim courses that my company provides for employees seeking a position in the SIU department, and I will continue to take courses on diversity and ethics.Also I will seek a mentor within the department who can pose me the correct steps I need to take as I move forward toward this goal. I am considering continuing my education to receive a Masters degree in Criminal Justice. My goal with this degree is maybe later in life to be a college professor. I believe the future college will be primarily online, which will open many opportunities for professors to teach from anywhere at anytime. This paper reflected on my personal and professional growth during my Criminal Justice program of study at the University of Phoenix.I discussed where I was before I began college at the University of Phoenix and evaluated the g rowth I experienced during my University of Phoenix program of study. In conclusion, I analyzed the impact of completing the University of Phoenix bachelors program on my current and future professional goals.Reference University of Phoenix (2008). Program credits. Retrieved from https//ecampus. phoenix. edu/Program/ attribute/Program University of Phoenix (2009). Program credits. Retrieved from https//ecampus. phoenix. edu/Program/Credits/Program

My Ideal School

My ideal school Education is something that makes our future better. The ideal school should be able to teach a person to make a good living and how to take care of our own responsibilities in life. My ideal should be set at accessible area where students will have short travel time, but it is important that its not in the middle of the town where on that point are heavy traffics. It should be also far away from factories so that it ordure create the learning atmosphere and students stooge concentrate on their lessons.The construct also should be big enough to arrange the classes in an organized way and it must include all facilities that a good school consume to give the students for better education. There should be also playground and recreation facilities where the students can refresh their mind during the breaks. The teachers should be able to prepare the lessons as provoke as possible and must be concerned about the students. It is necessary that they are capable enoug h to motivate the students to study in an effective way. They should befriend the students solve not only for learning problems but also for all the social problems.Teacher should always be ready for the students when they need help not only as a teacher but also as a parent or a friend. In my ideal school, students should not be aquaphobic to make mistakes or ask questions. I believe that the best way to learn is by asking questions. If they dont agree or understand, they shouldnt hesitate to ask questions. Nobody is perfect and it is nature that everyone makes mistake. Everyone should point out other people mistakes in a good way, so that people can learn through their mistake and can be a better people.The exam marks shouldnt be the only way to determine the student ability. There should be more practical activities to make sure the students understand and get the lesson. There should be a big knowledge garden where we can borrow books to increase our knowledge. Its important that natural light is presented in the library too. The ideal school should be the place where all the students are quick-witted to learn for their life. It must make sure it created the atmosphere of cooperation to get the best future.

Developing Financial Projections

PUBLIC COMPANY MANAGEMENT SERVICES WHITE written report Developing Financial Projections for NonFinance People This discolour Paper gives you the tools to answer the two most important questions either business must ask Are you financially prep bed to begin? Are we suitable to sustain ourselves? Youll learn Whats on financial storys and how they get t present How to fortify and understand income recitals How to set up and read relief sheets How to drop ordinary formulas to evaluate specie flow How to create a cipher using standard guidelines How to read and evaluate income bumps How to develop your own financial projections through a lease in the blanks approach How to accurately determine the time value of your idea or business This memorandum is provided by Public Company counseling operate for educational purposes only and is not intended and should not be construed as legal advice. 2004 Public Company Management Services 5770 El Camino Road. Las Vegas, NV 89118 Phone (702) 222-9076 http//www. pubcowhitepapers. com http//www. pcms-team. com http//www. foreigncompanylisting. com http//www. gopublictoday. com A Budget and Financial Worksheet OverviewManagers must ask, is the business financially prep atomic number 18d to begin/continue? Understanding basic budgeting guidelines, income projection statements, balance sheets and common formulas to evaluate specie flow help ensure successful operations. This financial knowledge significantly impacts a companys unmindful term and long term success. START-UP cypher personnel ( salute former to opening) legal/professional fees occupancy licenses/permits equipment insurance supplies advertising/promotions salaries/wages accounting income utilities payroll costsAn run budget is prep atomic number 18d when you are in truth ready to open for business. The run budget allow for reflect your priorities in terms of how you spend your money, the expenses you will pay back and h ow you will meet those expenses (income). Your operating budget also should include money to cover the first three to six months of operation. It should allow for the following expenses. OPERATING figure personnel insurance rent derogation loan payments advertising/promotions legal/accounting miscellaneous expenses supplies payroll expenses Developing Projections www. publiccompanywhitepapers. om 14001 May 20,2003 salaries/wages utilities delinquents/subscriptions/fees tax incomees repairs/maintenance other questions that you will need to consider are What type of accounting remains will your use? Is it a single intro or dual entry system? What are your sales and acquire goals for the coming year? If a franchise, will the franchisor set your sales and profit goals? Or, will he or she abide you to reach and retain a authentic sales level and profit tolerance? What financial projections will you need to include in your business proposal? What kind of blood control system will you use?Sample balance sheets, income projections (profit and loss statements) and bullion flow statements are included below along with detailed instructions for completing same. INCOME protuberance STATEMENT arrive take in sales (revenues) Costs of sales Gross profit Gross profit margin Controllable expenses Salaries/wages Payroll expenses lawful/accounting Advertising Automobile Office supplies Dues/Subscriptions Utilities Miscellaneous score controllable expenses Fixed expenses wage Depreciation Utilities indemnity License/permits Loan payments Miscellaneous get along fixed expenses Total expenses Net profit (loss) before taxes Taxes Net profit (loss) after taxes INSTRUCTIONS FOR INCOME undertakingS STATEMENT The income projections (profit and loss) statement is valuable as both a planning tool and a key management tool to help control business operations. It enables you to develop a preview of the come in of income generated each month and for the business year, based on reasonable predictions of monthly levels of sales, costs and expenses. As monthly or quarterly projections are developed and entered into the income projections statement, they can serve as definite goals for controlling the business operation.As actual operating publications become known each month, they should be recorded for par with the monthly projections. A completed income statement allows you to compare actual figures with projections and to take steps to correct any problems. Industry Percentage In the manufacturing destiny column, enter the percentages of pith sales (revenues) that are standard for your industry, which are derived by dividing Costs/expenses items x 100% These percentages can be obtained from various sources, such as trade associations, accountants or banks.Industry figures serve as a useful bench mark against which to compare cost and expense estimates that you develop for your firm. Compare th e figures in the industry percentage column to those in the yearly percentage column. Total Net Sales (Revenues) Determine the union number of units of consulting service you realistically expect to transport each period (per month or quarter) in each area of your business at the bells you expect to get. Use this step to create the projections to review your price practices. Exclude any revenue that is not strictly related to the business. Cost of SalesThe key to calculating your cost of sales is that you do not overlook any costs that you catch incurred. Calculate cost of sales of all service used to determine total exonerate sales. Do not overlook transit or travel costs if youre weeing at a distance. in like manner include all direct labor. Gross Profit take time off the total cost of sales from the total net sales to obtain gross profit. Gross Profit Margin The gross profit is expressed as a percentage of total sales (revenues). It is mensurable by dividing gross profi ts by total net sales Controllable (also known as Variable) Expenses net income expenses-Base pay positively charged overtime.Payroll expenses-Include salaried vacations, spue leave, health insurance, unemployment insurance and social security taxes may or may not be applicable. Outside services-Include costs of subcontracts, overflow work and special or one-time services. Supplies-Services and items purchased for use in the business. Repair and maintenance-Regular maintenance and repair. Advertising-Include desired sales volume and classified directory advertising expenses. Car sales pitch and travel-Include charges if ad hominem car is used in business, including parking, tools, buying trips, and so on Accounting and legal-Outside professional services.Fixed Expenses Rent-List only real estate used in business. Depreciation-Amortization of capital assets equal computers. Utilities-Water, heat, light, etc. Insurance-Fire or liability on property or products . Include workers compensation. Loan repayments-Interest on outstanding loans. Miscellaneous-Unspecified small expenditures without separate accounts. Net Profit (loss) (before taxes) Subtract total expenses from gross profit. Taxes Include origin and sales tax, excise tax, real estate tax, etc. Net Profit (loss) (after taxes) Subtract taxes from net profit (before taxes) yearly Total For each of the sales and expense items in your income projection statement, put up all the monthly or quarterly figures across the table and put the result in the annual total column. one-year Percentage Calculate the annual percentage by dividing Annual total x 100% Sample residue SHEET Assets topical assets interchange $_______ junior cash $_______ Accounts due $_______ Inventory $_______ Short-term investment $_______ Prepaid expenses $_______ Long-term investment $_______ Fixed assets Land $_______ Buildings $_______ Improvements $_______ Equipment $_______ furniture $_______ Automo bile/vehicles $_______ other(a) assets 1. $_______ 2. $_______ 3. $_______ 4. $_______ Total assets $______ Liabilities Current Liabilities Accounts account payable $______ Notes payable $______ Interest payable $______ Taxes payable Federal income tax $______ State income tax $______ Self-employment tax $______ Sales tax (SBE) $______ Property tax $______ Payroll accretion $______ Long-term liabilities Notes payable $______ Total liabilities $______ Net deserving (owner equity) $______ Proprietorship or Partnership (names) equity $_____ (names) equity $_____ or Corporation Capital stock $_____ Suraddition paid in $_____ Retained stipend $_____Total net worth $_____ Total liabilities and total net worth $_____ (Total assets will always equal total liabilities and total net worth) _______________________________________________ INSTRUCTIONS FOR BALANCE SHEET Figures used to compile the balance sheet are taken from the introductory and flow rate balance sheet as hygienic as the current income statement. The income statement is usually attached to the balance sheet. The following text covers the essential elements of the balance sheet. At the top of the page fill in the legal name of the business, the type of statement and the day, month and year. AssetsList anything of value that is owned or legally due the business. Total assets include all net values. These are the hails derived when you subtract depreciation and amortization from the original costs of acquiring the assets. Current Assets hard currency-List cash and resources that can be converted into cash within 12 months of the date of the balance sheet (or during one established cycle of operation). Include money on hand and supplicate deposits in the bank, e. g. , checking accounts and regular nest egg accounts. petit larceny cash-If your business has a fund for small miscellaneous expenditures, include the total here.Accounts receivable-The amounts due from customers in payment fo r switch or services. Inventory-Includes raw worldlys on hand, work in progress and all finished goods, either construct or purchased for resale. Short-term investments-Also called temporary investments or saleable securities, these include interest- or dividend-yielding holdings expected to be converted into cash within a year. List stocks and bonds, certificates of deposit and time-deposit savings accounts at either their cost or market value, whichever is less. Prepaid expenses-Goods, benefits or services a business buys or rents in advance.Examples are office supplies, insurance protection and floor space. Long-term Investments Also called long-term assets, these are holdings the business intends to maintenance for at least a year and that typically yield interest or dividends. Included are stocks, bonds and savings accounts earmarked for special purposes. Fixed Assets Also called bring and equipment. Includes all resources a business owns or acquires for use in operations and not intended for resale. Fixed assets may be leased. Depending on the leasing arrangements, both the value and the liability of the leased property may need to be listed on the balance sheet. Land-List original purchase price without allowances for market value. Buildings Improvements Equipment Furniture an Computers Automobile/vehicles Liabilities Current Liabilities List all debts, monetary obligations and yells payable within 12 months or within one cycle of operation. typically they include the following Accounts payable-Amounts owed to suppliers for goods and services purchased in connection with business operations. Notes payable-The balance of principal due to pay off short-term debt for borrowed funds. Also includes the current amount due of total balance on notes whose terms exceed 12 months. Interest payable-Any accrued fees due for use of both short- and long-term borrowed capital and honorable mention extended to the business. Taxes payable-Amounts estimat ed by an accountant to have been incurred during the accounting period. Payroll accrual-Salaries and wages currently owed. Long-term Liabilities Notes payable-List notes, contract payments or mortgage payments due over a period exceeding 12 months or one cycle of operation. They are listed by outstanding balance less the current position due. Net worth Also called owners equity, net worth is the claim of the owner(s) on the assets of the business.In a proprietorship or partnership, equity is each owners original investment plus any earnings after sezessions. Total Liabilities and Net worth(predicate) The sum of these two amounts must always match that for total assets. __________________________________________________ MONTHLY CASH FLOW PROJECTION 1. immediate payment on hand (beginning month) 2. Cash acknowledge (a) Cash sales (b) Collections from credit accounts (c) Loan or other cash injections (specify) 3. Total cash receipts (2a+2b+2c=3) 4. Total cash available (Befor e cash out) (1+3) 5. Cash paid out a) purchases (merchandise) (b) Gross wages (excludes withdrawals) (c) Payroll expenses (taxes, etc. ) (d) Outside services (e) Supplies (office and operating) (f) Repairs and maintenance (g) Advertising (h) Car, rescue and travel (i) Accounting and legal (j) Rent (k) earpiece (l) Utilities (m) Insurance (n) Taxes (real estate, etc. ) (o) Interest (p) Other expenses (specify each) (q) Miscellaneous (unspecified) (r) Subtotal (s) Loan principal payment (t) Capital purchases (specify) (u) Other start-up costs (v) Reserve and/or escrow (specify) (w) Owners withdrawal 6. Total cash paid out (5a through 5w) . Cash position (end of month) (4 minus 6) Essential operating entropy (non-cash flow teaching) A. Sales volume (dollars) B. Accounts receivable (end on month) C. drab debt (end of month) D. Inventory on hand (end of month) E. Accounts payable (end of month) INSTRUCTIONS FOR MONTHLY CASH FLOW PROJECTION 1. Cash on hand (beginning of month) Cash on hand same as (7), Cash position, pervious month 2. Cash receipts (a) Cash sales-All cash sales. Omit credit sales unless cash is actually received (b) Gross wages (including withdrawals)-Amount to be expected from all accounts. (c) Loan or other cash injection-Indicate here all cash injections not shown in 2(a) or 2(b) above. 3. Total cash receipts (2a+2b+2c=3) 4. Total cash available (before cash out)(1+3) 5. Cash paid out (a) Purchases (merchandise)Merchandise for resale or for use in product (paid for in current month). (b) Gross wages (including withdrawals)-Base pay plus overtime (if any) (c) Payroll expenses (taxes, etc. ) Include paid vacations, paid black leave, health insurance, unemployment insurance, (this might be 10 to 45% of 5(b)) (d) Outside services-This could include outside labor and/or material for pecialized or overflow work, including subcontracting (e) Supplies (office and operating)Items purchased for use in the business (not for resale) (f) Repairs and maintenance-Include day-after-day large expenditures such as painting or decorating (g) Advertising-This amount should be adequate to verify sales volume (h) Car, delivery and travel-If personal car is used, charge in this column, include parking (i) Accounting and legal-Outside services, including, for example, bookkeeping (j) Rent-Real estate only (See 5(p) for other rentals) (k) Telephone (l) Utilities-Water, heat, light and/or power (m) Insurance-Coverage on business property and products (fire, liability) also workers compensation, fidelity, etc. Exclude executive life (include in 5(w)) (n) Taxes (real estate, etc. ) Plus inventory tax, sales tax, excise tax, if applicable (o) Interest-Remember to add interest on loan as it is injected (See 2 above) (p) Other expenses (specify each) _________________________________________ _____________________________________ Unexpected expenditures may be included here as a safety factor________________________________________ Equipment expenses during the month should be included ere (non-capital equipment)__________________________ When equipment is rented or leased, record payments here (q) Miscellaneous (unspecified)Small expenditures for which separate accounts would be practical (r) Subtotal-This subtotal indicates cash out for op (s) Loan principal payment-Include payment on all loans, including vehicle and equipment purchases on time payment (t) Capital purchases (specify)Nonexpensed (depreciable) expenditures such as equipment, building purchases on time payment (u) Other start-up costs-Expenses incurred prior to first month projection and paid for after startup (v) Reserve and/or escrow (specify) Example insurance, tax or equipment escrow to reduce impact of large periodic payments (w) Owners withdrawals-Should include payment for such things as owners income tax, social security, health insurance, executive life insurance premiums, etc. 6. T otal cash paid out (5a through 5w) 7. Cash position (end on month) (4 minus 6)-Enter this amount in (1) Cash on hand following monthEssential operating data (non-cash flow information)-This is basic information necessary for proper planning and for proper cash flow projection.Also with this data, the cash flow can be evolved and shown in the above form. A. Sales volume (dollars)This is a very important figure and should be estimated carefully, taking into account size of facility and employee output as well as realistic anticipated sales (actual sales, not orders received). B. Accounts receivable (end of month)-Previous unpaid credit sales plus current months credit sales, less amounts received current month (deduct C below) C.Bad debt (end on month) Bad debts should be subtracted from (B) in the month anticipated D. Inventory on hand (end on month) Last months inventory plus merchandise received and/or manufactured current month minus amount sold current month E. Accounts pa yable (end of month) Previous months payable plus current months payable minus amount paid during month. F. Depreciation-Established by your accountant, or value of all your equipment divided by useful life (in months) as allowed by Internal Revenue ServiceDeveloping Financial ProjectionsPUBLIC COMPANY MANAGEMENT SERVICES WHITE PAPER Developing Financial Projections for NonFinance People This White Paper gives you the tools to answer the two most important questions any business must ask Are you financially prepared to begin? Are we able to sustain ourselves? Youll learn Whats on financial statements and how they get there How to develop and understand income statements How to set up and read balance sheets How to use common formulas to evaluate cash flow How to create a budget using standard guidelines How to read and evaluate income projections How to develop your own financial projections through a fill in the blanks approach How to accurately determine the value of your idea or business This memorandum is provided by Public Company Management Services for educational purposes only and is not intended and should not be construed as legal advice. 2004 Public Company Management Services 5770 El Camino Road. Las Vegas, NV 89118 Phone (702) 222-9076 http//www. pubcowhitepapers. com http//www. pcms-team. com http//www. foreigncompanylisting. com http//www. gopublictoday. com A Budget and Financial Worksheet OverviewManagers must ask, is the business financially prepared to begin/continue? Understanding basic budgeting guidelines, income projection statements, balance sheets and common formulas to evaluate cash flow help ensure successful operations. This financial knowledge significantly impacts a companys short term and long term success. START-UP BUDGET personnel (costs prior to opening) legal/professional fees occupancy licenses/permits equipment insurance supplies advertising/promotions salaries/wages accounting income utilities payroll expensesAn operating budget is prepared when you are actually ready to open for business. The operating budget will reflect your priorities in terms of how you spend your money, the expenses you will incur and how you will meet those expenses (income). Your operating budget also should include money to cover the first three to six months of operation. It should allow for the following expenses. OPERATING BUDGET personnel insurance rent depreciation loan payments advertising/promotions legal/accounting miscellaneous expenses supplies payroll expenses Developing Projections www. publiccompanywhitepapers. om 14001 May 20,2003 salaries/wages utilities dues/subscriptions/fees taxes repairs/maintenance Other questions that you will need to consider are What type of accounting system will your use? Is it a single entry or dual entry system? What are your sales and profit goals for the coming year? If a franchise, will the franchisor set your sales and profit goals? Or, wi ll he or she expect you to reach and retain a certain sales level and profit margin? What financial projections will you need to include in your business plan? What kind of inventory control system will you use?Sample balance sheets, income projections (profit and loss statements) and cash flow statements are included below along with detailed instructions for completing same. INCOME PROJECTION STATEMENT Total net sales (revenues) Costs of sales Gross profit Gross profit margin Controllable expenses Salaries/wages Payroll expenses Legal/accounting Advertising Automobile Office supplies Dues/Subscriptions Utilities Miscellaneous Total controllable expenses Fixed expenses Rent Depreciation Utilities Insurance License/permits Loan payments Miscellaneous Total fixed expenses Total expenses Net profit (loss) before taxes Taxes Net profit (loss) after taxes INSTRUCTIONS FOR INCOME PROJECTIONS STATEMENT The income projections (profit and loss) statement is valua ble as both a planning tool and a key management tool to help control business operations. It enables you to develop a preview of the amount of income generated each month and for the business year, based on reasonable predictions of monthly levels of sales, costs and expenses. As monthly or quarterly projections are developed and entered into the income projections statement, they can serve as definite goals for controlling the business operation.As actual operating results become known each month, they should be recorded for comparison with the monthly projections. A completed income statement allows you to compare actual figures with projections and to take steps to correct any problems. Industry Percentage In the industry percentage column, enter the percentages of total sales (revenues) that are standard for your industry, which are derived by dividing Costs/expenses items x 100% These percentages can be obtained from various sources, such as trade associations, accountants or banks.Industry figures serve as a useful bench mark against which to compare cost and expense estimates that you develop for your firm. Compare the figures in the industry percentage column to those in the annual percentage column. Total Net Sales (Revenues) Determine the total number of units of consulting service you realistically expect to sell each period (per month or quarter) in each area of your business at the prices you expect to get. Use this step to create the projections to review your pricing practices. Exclude any revenue that is not strictly related to the business. Cost of SalesThe key to calculating your cost of sales is that you do not overlook any costs that you have incurred. Calculate cost of sales of all services used to determine total net sales. Do not overlook transportation or travel costs if youre working at a distance. Also include all direct labor. Gross Profit Subtract the total cost of sales from the total net sales to obtain gross profit. Gross Profi t Margin The gross profit is expressed as a percentage of total sales (revenues). It is calculated by dividing gross profits by total net sales Controllable (also known as Variable) Expenses Salary expenses-Base pay plus overtime.Payroll expenses-Include paid vacations, sick leave, health insurance, unemployment insurance and social security taxes may or may not be applicable. Outside services-Include costs of subcontracts, overflow work and special or one-time services. Supplies-Services and items purchased for use in the business. Repair and maintenance-Regular maintenance and repair. Advertising-Include desired sales volume and classified directory advertising expenses. Car delivery and travel-Include charges if personal car is used in business, including parking, tools, buying trips, etc. Accounting and legal-Outside professional services.Fixed Expenses Rent-List only real estate used in business. Depreciation-Amortization of capital assets like computers. Utilit ies-Water, heat, light, etc. Insurance-Fire or liability on property or products. Include workers compensation. Loan repayments-Interest on outstanding loans. Miscellaneous-Unspecified small expenditures without separate accounts. Net Profit (loss) (before taxes) Subtract total expenses from gross profit. Taxes Include inventory and sales tax, excise tax, real estate tax, etc. Net Profit (loss) (after taxes) Subtract taxes from net profit (before taxes) Annual Total For each of the sales and expense items in your income projection statement, add all the monthly or quarterly figures across the table and put the result in the annual total column. Annual Percentage Calculate the annual percentage by dividing Annual total x 100% Sample BALANCE SHEET Assets Current assets Cash $_______ Petty cash $_______ Accounts receivable $_______ Inventory $_______ Short-term investment $_______ Prepaid expenses $_______ Long-term investment $_______ Fixed assets Land $_______ Buildings $______ _ Improvements $_______ Equipment $_______ Furniture $_______ Automobile/vehicles $_______Other assets 1. $_______ 2. $_______ 3. $_______ 4. $_______ Total assets $______ Liabilities Current Liabilities Accounts payable $______ Notes payable $______ Interest payable $______ Taxes payable Federal income tax $______ State income tax $______ Self-employment tax $______ Sales tax (SBE) $______ Property tax $______ Payroll accrual $______ Long-term liabilities Notes payable $______ Total liabilities $______ Net worth (owner equity) $______ Proprietorship or Partnership (names) equity $_____ (names) equity $_____ or Corporation Capital stock $_____ redundant paid in $_____ Retained earnings $_____Total net worth $_____ Total liabilities and total net worth $_____ (Total assets will always equal total liabilities and total net worth) _______________________________________________ INSTRUCTIONS FOR BALANCE SHEET Figures used to compile the balance sheet are taken from the previous and current balance sheet as well as the current income statement. The income statement is usually attached to the balance sheet. The following text covers the essential elements of the balance sheet. At the top of the page fill in the legal name of the business, the type of statement and the day, month and year. AssetsList anything of value that is owned or legally due the business. Total assets include all net values. These are the amounts derived when you subtract depreciation and amortization from the original costs of acquiring the assets. Current Assets Cash-List cash and resources that can be converted into cash within 12 months of the date of the balance sheet (or during one established cycle of operation). Include money on hand and demand deposits in the bank, e. g. , checking accounts and regular savings accounts. Petty cash-If your business has a fund for small miscellaneous expenditures, include the total here.Accounts receivable-The amounts due from customers in payment for merchandise or services. Inventory-Includes raw materials on hand, work in progress and all finished goods, either manufactured or purchased for resale. Short-term investments-Also called temporary investments or marketable securities, these include interest- or dividend-yielding holdings expected to be converted into cash within a year. List stocks and bonds, certificates of deposit and time-deposit savings accounts at either their cost or market value, whichever is less. Prepaid expenses-Goods, benefits or services a business buys or rents in advance.Examples are office supplies, insurance protection and floor space. Long-term Investments Also called long-term assets, these are holdings the business intends to keep for at least a year and that typically yield interest or dividends. Included are stocks, bonds and savings accounts earmarked for special purposes. Fixed Assets Also called plant and equipment. Includes all resources a business owns or acquires for use in op erations and not intended for resale. Fixed assets may be leased. Depending on the leasing arrangements, both the value and the liability of the leased property may need to be listed on the balance sheet. Land-List original purchase price without allowances for market value. Buildings Improvements Equipment Furniture an Computers Automobile/vehicles Liabilities Current Liabilities List all debts, monetary obligations and claims payable within 12 months or within one cycle of operation. Typically they include the following Accounts payable-Amounts owed to suppliers for goods and services purchased in connection with business operations. Notes payable-The balance of principal due to pay off short-term debt for borrowed funds. Also includes the current amount due of total balance on notes whose terms exceed 12 months. Interest payable-Any accrued fees due for use of both short- and long-term borrowed capital and credit extended to the business. Taxes payable-Amounts estimated b y an accountant to have been incurred during the accounting period. Payroll accrual-Salaries and wages currently owed. Long-term Liabilities Notes payable-List notes, contract payments or mortgage payments due over a period exceeding 12 months or one cycle of operation. They are listed by outstanding balance less the current position due. Net worth Also called owners equity, net worth is the claim of the owner(s) on the assets of the business.In a proprietorship or partnership, equity is each owners original investment plus any earnings after withdrawals. Total Liabilities and Net Worth The sum of these two amounts must always match that for total assets. __________________________________________________ MONTHLY CASH FLOW PROJECTION 1. Cash on hand (beginning month) 2. Cash receipts (a) Cash sales (b) Collections from credit accounts (c) Loan or other cash injections (specify) 3. Total cash receipts (2a+2b+2c=3) 4. Total cash available (Before cash out) (1+3) 5. Cash paid out a) purchases (merchandise) (b) Gross wages (excludes withdrawals) (c) Payroll expenses (taxes, etc. ) (d) Outside services (e) Supplies (office and operating) (f) Repairs and maintenance (g) Advertising (h) Car, delivery and travel (i) Accounting and legal (j) Rent (k) Telephone (l) Utilities (m) Insurance (n) Taxes (real estate, etc. ) (o) Interest (p) Other expenses (specify each) (q) Miscellaneous (unspecified) (r) Subtotal (s) Loan principal payment (t) Capital purchases (specify) (u) Other start-up costs (v) Reserve and/or escrow (specify) (w) Owners withdrawal 6. Total cash paid out (5a through 5w) . Cash position (end of month) (4 minus 6) Essential operating data (non-cash flow information) A. Sales volume (dollars) B. Accounts receivable (end on month) C. Bad debt (end of month) D. Inventory on hand (end of month) E. Accounts payable (end of month) INSTRUCTIONS FOR MONTHLY CASH FLOW PROJECTION 1. Cash on hand (beginning of month ) Cash on hand same as (7), Cash position, pervious month 2. Cash receipts (a) Cash sales-All cash sales. Omit credit sales unless cash is actually received (b) Gross wages (including withdrawals)-Amount to be expected from all accounts. (c) Loan or other cash injection-Indicate here all cash injections not shown in 2(a) or 2(b) above. 3. Total cash receipts (2a+2b+2c=3) 4. Total cash available (before cash out)(1+3) 5. Cash paid out (a) Purchases (merchandise)Merchandise for resale or for use in product (paid for in current month). (b) Gross wages (including withdrawals)-Base pay plus overtime (if any) (c) Payroll expenses (taxes, etc. ) Include paid vacations, paid sick leave, health insurance, unemployment insurance, (this might be 10 to 45% of 5(b)) (d) Outside services-This could include outside labor and/or material for pecialized or overflow work, including subcontracting (e) Supplies (office and operating)Items purchased for use in the business (not for resale) (f) R epairs and maintenance-Include periodic large expenditures such as painting or decorating (g) Advertising-This amount should be adequate to maintain sales volume (h) Car, delivery and travel-If personal car is used, charge in this column, include parking (i) Accounting and legal-Outside services, including, for example, bookkeeping (j) Rent-Real estate only (See 5(p) for other rentals) (k) Telephone (l) Utilities-Water, heat, light and/or power (m) Insurance-Coverage on business property and products (fire, liability) also workers compensation, fidelity, etc. Exclude executive life (include in 5(w)) (n) Taxes (real estate, etc. ) Plus inventory tax, sales tax, excise tax, if applicable (o) Interest-Remember to add interest on loan as it is injected (See 2 above) (p) Other expenses (specify each) _________________________________________ _____________________________________ Unexpected expenditures may be included here as a safety factor______________________________________ __ Equipment expenses during the month should be included ere (non-capital equipment)__________________________ When equipment is rented or leased, record payments here (q) Miscellaneous (unspecified)Small expenditures for which separate accounts would be practical (r) Subtotal-This subtotal indicates cash out for op (s) Loan principal payment-Include payment on all loans, including vehicle and equipment purchases on time payment (t) Capital purchases (specify)Nonexpensed (depreciable) expenditures such as equipment, building purchases on time payment (u) Other start-up costs-Expenses incurred prior to first month projection and paid for after startup (v) Reserve and/or escrow (specify) Example insurance, tax or equipment escrow to reduce impact of large periodic payments (w) Owners withdrawals-Should include payment for such things as owners income tax, social security, health insurance, executive life insurance premiums, etc. 6. Total cash paid out (5a through 5w) 7. Cash position (end on month) (4 minus 6)-Enter this amount in (1) Cash on hand following monthEssential operating data (non-cash flow information)-This is basic information necessary for proper planning and for proper cash flow projection.Also with this data, the cash flow can be evolved and shown in the above form. A. Sales volume (dollars)This is a very important figure and should be estimated carefully, taking into account size of facility and employee output as well as realistic anticipated sales (actual sales, not orders received). B. Accounts receivable (end of month)-Previous unpaid credit sales plus current months credit sales, less amounts received current month (deduct C below) C.Bad debt (end on month) Bad debts should be subtracted from (B) in the month anticipated D. Inventory on hand (end on month) Last months inventory plus merchandise received and/or manufactured current month minus amount sold current month E. Accounts payable (end of month) Previous months payable plus current months payable minus amount paid during month. F. Depreciation-Established by your accountant, or value of all your equipment divided by useful life (in months) as allowed by Internal Revenue Service

Agiesm

Myths finish be considered a commons way for society as a whole to develop stereotypical Judgments upon the elderly community. Myths create negative attitudes that often create disparity within society that enhances untruths about the elderly population. In order to see the myths that hinder society as a hole taking a look at what ageism Is is in fact h binglest to bring truth to the table. What Is ageism? Ageism Is a social attitude that has created myths wealth society that have endorsed societys stereotype of aging adults within communities.Myths are can be generated by many things such as demeaning comments passed on from person to person or by simply turning on the telecasting and seeing negative adaptations of what life Is like as an elderly person. Many social psychologists and gerontologists cite the media as a major source of negative stereotypes of the elderly (Martin, 2007) (up. 141). venerate of growing old can generate the social attitudes seen in ageism that bring s about negative behaviors to cloud peoples Judgments and ultimately result In myths. Language is one of the most pervasive ways that ageism exists and persists In our society (Wilkinson, Ferreira, & Nelson, 2004, up. 341-342). Terms used in daily conversations such as old people, grumpy old men, they cant do it they are to old are all types of languages that support ageism in society today. Interventions and strategies with ageism are to educate the public on the rigorousness of discrimination and taunting language directed towards our aging adults.In todays societies many options are available for the elderly to seek refuge in these times of need. According to Martin (2007), contrary to the common belief of many in the United States, most elderly individuals remain in their homes until death and are cared for by family atoms (up. 142). In some situations a family member may move their aging relative or loved one into their homes to make it easier for them to maintain constant ca re needed on a twenty- four hour basis. Retirement communities offer numerous accommodations that assist ND care for aging adults in a setting that creates an active lifestyle.Some communities offer clubs, crafts, physical health classes, cooking facilities, pools, beautiful landscapes to walk in and anything else that will empower yet keep a well balanced lifestyle. Government subsidized senior lodgement can make housing costs more affordable for the elderly population, whether in the habitus of a subsidy provided directly to the elderly in form of tax credits, loans, or rental vouchers, or subsidies provided to the housing community, which passes on this discount to the enter (Martin, 2007) (up. 143).Finally there is assisted living facilities (ODL) designed to accommodate individuals who need close to the clock care and assistance. This option of residency is an apartment typesetting that is based around structured living. In an (ODL) environment there will be all types of assistance to various needs from the residence in the forms of eating, bathing, walking, exercising, getting dressed and even help with taking medications on time. Most (ODL) communities will have Cans (Certified Nursing Assistants) as well as on tie Urns (Registered Nurses) that provide most of the assistance needed for care.

Abuse in Nursing Homes – Essay

Unit 3 IP Leigh Ratliff There ar reports of demoralize in nursing homes every year. There atomic number 18 some(prenominal) types of roast inform as well. Even though there atomic number 18 many reports there are also many cases that are non reported. Elderly being abused puts them in an even to a greater extent vulnerable position that what they were in. They now have to fear for their lives from the people who should be taking burster of them. With reported cases and non-reported cases the abuser is rarely punished which makes the business office much worse.Elder abuse in nursing homes has big(p) at an alarming rate and non being reported and I firmly believe that the penalisation should be increased for these abusers such as licenses being pulled and state stepping in more to investigate. There are many different types of abuse towards elders. Types of abuse are neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and many more. There are more than an estimated 2. 1 million reports of abuse each year as found in the studies of American Psychological Association, 2011. Elderly abuse is often times overlooked especi every(prenominal)y when there is bruising of the skin.The senile are washy and the bruises are often mis forcen for normal care on a frail individual which can happen. M. Lachs and K. Pillemer, also studied the same abuse issues and reported that many physicians were un-familiar with the mandatory reporting of abuse. In fact many physicians could not identify a case of elder abuse (1995-2006). dangle is one of the approximately common reports of abuse in nursing homes. Neglect occurs when a caregiver fails to take care of a longanimous the way they should. In example, a caregiver does not change an gray person every two hours.Instead the elder is only changed every 4 hours. This can energize bed sores. Bed sores break down the skin and when urine and feces enter the wound the patient can become ill and even die. Another type of abuse is phys ical abuse. Physical abuse occurs when a care giver hits a patient. Physical abuse towards the elderly can have gruelling consequences as well. The elder are very fragile and when hit can easily cause befuddled bones and even death. It is very hard for the elderly to recover because they are so fragile. Many physicians do not recognize the signs of abuse.The injuries are often mistaken for common issues with fragile elder patients. This means most cases of abuse are not reported and the abuser continues the acts. For cases that are reported the abuse usually is not punished in a meaningful way. Usually the abuser gets a slap on the radiocarpal joint and in worst case scenario fired from the job just to go to another job and do the same thing. If the state would come in to the nursing homes more often or even a regular weekly basis to inspect. The state has a larger impact than expected and could put the situation under control.The abusers should have their certifications and licen ses revoked and should not be able to continue their work. Doing this would leave the patients with care givers who actually care and want to do the job correctly. There are many, many reports every year on abuse in nursing homes. The reports to not even come close to the actual number of cases since not all are reported. Abuse in nursing homes is a very serious matter and should be hardened as such. The elderly deserve respect and great care. They have lived a long life and should not have to end it in tragedy.

Nayaka Is the Honarary Title of Boyar / Valmiki / Bedar People in India

Boyar=Mudiraj=Nayakar=Nayak=Naidu=Boya=Bhill=Valmiki=Rajput=Panwar =Talari=Besta=Bedar=Koli=Kirat=Ahir=Mahar=Muthuraja=Rajus=Koya=Bhoja= Bhoi=Gangawar=Gangaputra=Dorabidda=Pandu=Oddar=Vedar=Vettuvar= Vettaikarar=Patel=Pawar=Chola=Pandiya=Chera=P to each oneava=Dev=kannadiya nayakan=nayakkan=Panwar=Palayakarar=palegar=Kajal=Balija=Kample=Vettuva Gounder=Kannadia Okkaliga Gowder=Gawara=Chouhan=Parihar=Chalukkya= Kahar=Kohli=Bhil=Aryar picSri Valmiki S be on, Author of Ra whitethornanam The to a high place be same associationThe Nayak is honorary and hereditary rubric of the Boya Caste raft in India, the word boya spelled in few types, those were Boyar,Boyer,Bhoya,Bhoyar,Bhoi,Boir and Bhoirs and they alias as Bedar, The Bedar means the hunters of mountaineers, so the mountaineers of boya heap deferral the hereditary denomination of Nayak. Madakari Nayaka or Madakari Nayaka V was the last happenr of Chitradurga, India. (Chitaldrug ( Spotted castle, or Umbrella rock). Chief t declargon of the District of Chitaldrug, Mysore produce 126 miles north-west of Bangalore. Lat. 14 14 n. , long. 76 26 e.Population (188 1) 4271. The modern town stands at the north- eastward etymon of a cluster of hills, c all overed with extensive fortifications. M either inscriptions pretend been found of the Chalukya, B e real last(predicate)ala, and Vijayanagar dynasties. Local history commences with the family of the Chitaldrug palegdrs, who phantom back to the 15th coulomb. Their hereditary title was Nayak, and they take ined fill inscriber line from the Bedar or Boya club of hunters and mountaineers. They gradu every last(predicate)y extended their baron on ail sides until they came into collision with Haidar Ali, who captured Chitaldrug in 1779. picChitradurga Fort picMadakari Nayaka Naik The word Naik (Nayaka, a leader or chief) is used, by the obsolescenter writers on southerly India, in several senses. 1. The Native captain or enquiry objet dart. 2. A titl e of honour among Hindus in the Deccan. 3. The general wee-wee of the kings of Vijayanagara, and of the manufacturing businesss of Madura and an different(prenominal) places. 4 Naidu or Nayudu is a title of rank in India, re saturnine at generation of census by mevery Telugu classes, of Balija, Bestha, Boya, Ekari, Gavara, Golla, Kalingi, Kapu, Mutracha, and Velama.In Tamil Nadu, A Tamilian, when speaking of a Telugu person bearing this title, would call him Naicker or Naickan instead of Naidu. 5 The Telugu people in Tamilnadu and other regions be Balija, Boya, Ekari, Golla, Kavarai, Muttiriyan, Odde, Tottiyan, and Uppiliyan. 6 Bhoyar, Kawara (Gavara) and Kohrya come from Kohli. 7 The Kolis were found all over the Ahamadnagar district in Maharastra province in India and in the gr wipe outest figure of speechs in the hilly crampfish-division of Akola. The generally received explanation of the word Koli is clansmen from kul a clan as opposed to Kunbi the family objet dart from kutumb a family.The mythic Brahmanic institution of the Kolis is that they ar the same as the Kirats of the Purans, who ar utter to be posterity of Nishadh who was born from the arm of Ven, a king of the Sun race. The Kolis strike as their mythic founding father Valmiki the author of the Ramayan. Mackintosh in Trans. Bom. Geog. Soc. I, 201-202. Nagar Kolis belong to three classes Panbharis or Malharis, Dhors and Mahadevs. 8 The titles of Boyar ar said to be Naidu or Nayudu, Naik, Dora, Dorabidda (children of chieftains), and Valmiki. 9 The word Boya go out be indicating the Rajput and the clan of Chieftain.Clan of genus Raja or King Boyars in Maharastra Bhoi a common term used as the designation of dissimilar classes vogue be engaged in boating, look for, palanquin bearing and as domestic servants. In the Hyderabad land it includes several castes, such a* the Bestas and Gunlodus of Telingana, the Machinde and Maratha, Bhois of Marathawada, the Bhan be and Bendor o f the Adilabad District, the Gangamasalu of the Carnatic and the Kahars, who are immigrants from Northern India. The etymology of the word Bhoi is uncertain.It is supposed to be a Telugu word, derived from Boya, the re throw of an immemorial folk music further the derivation appears to be fictitious and has belike been suggested by the similarity of the call Boya and Bhoi. No traditions are current imagineing the origin of these people. The Hindu legislators dissimilariate the Bhoi (pattstika or bearers) from the Dhivar Kolis (kaivartaka or fishermen), the former cr eradicateion the shootspring of a Brahman breed and a Nishad convey, while the latter are descended from a Parasava father and an Ayogava stick.At the present twenty-four hours, however, the name Bhoi is used to de none all classes v/ho pass either barter. The Bhoi castes enumerated supra differ widely from one an other in carnal character and habits. The Telugu Bhois comprise ii sub-castes, Besta and Gunlodu, who eat together scarcely do non inter get hitched with. They appear to comport originally sprung from the same common stock, tho clear subsequently become broken up into endogamous divisions by cause of their long profession of different tracts of earth. Bhoi BestasThe Origin of Bestas, likewise called Parkitiwaru, are mostly to be found in the Telugu Districts adjoining the Madras Presidency. The origin of their name is obscure. Some derive it from the Persian Behishti, hardly this derivation seems to be fanciful. The Bestas claim to be descended from Suti, the wide expounder of the Mahabharata. A nonher legend traces their descent to Santan, the father of Bhisma by Ganga. These traditions, of course, throw no light upon the origin of the sub-caste. Their physical characteristics tend to mark them as Dravidians.Marriage The Bestas profess to belong to, one gotra, Achantraa, which is obviously inoperative in the ordination of their matrimonial alliances. Thei r marriages are governed by a system of exogamy consisting of family names. The following are some of the common titles of the caste 1. Kattewadu (stick). 2. Nasuwadu. 3. Mamliwada (mango). 4. Shebelawadu. 5. Gantawadu (bell). 6. Badawadu. 7. Gundodu (ball). 8. Allewadu. 9. Pusawadu ( falls). 10. GurebomoUu. 11. Chintawadu (tamarind). 12. Pamparollu. 13. Duntiwadu (pile). 14. Vemolollu. The exogamic sections are modeled on those of the other Telugu castes.The Bestas prohibit a man to hook up with a woman of his own section. No other section is a bar to marriage, provided he does not wed his aunt, his niece, or either of his first cousins except the daughter of his maternal uncle. A man may marry ii sisters, or two companions may many two sisters, the elder marrying the elder sister and the younger marrying the younger. Outsiders are not admitted into the caste. Besta misfires are married out front they take attamed the age of puberty but some epochs, owing to the poverty of her parents, a lady friends marriage is delayed till subsequently the age of puberty.Girls are not devoted to temples, or married to deities. Should a misfire turn out to be pregnant forward marriage, her fault is condoned by her marriage with her lover, a exquisitely being compulsory upon her parents by the caste Panchasat. informal indiscretion with an removedr is punished by expulsion from the caste. Conjugal relations commence even to begin with rfie girl attains puberty, provided a special eucharist is perform on the occasion. A Besta girl on attaining teens is ceremonially smudgy for louvre twenty-four hour periods.Polygamy is recognised theoretically to any limit, but is practically confined to two wives. The wedding ceremony is of the accepted type and closely corresponds to that in vogue among other Telugu castes of the same social standing. It takes place at the girls house, under a booth do of eleven posts. The central post, muhurta medha, consists of a g ukr ramify (Ficus indicus) and is transgressped with a lamp which remains burning passim the ceremony. The marriage procession is do on ahorseback. A Brahman is employ as priest to conduct the wedding service.Kanddn, or the formal gift of the bride, by her parents, to the stableboy, is deemed to be the essential portion of the ceremony. In the flaghali, which is celebrated on the quartetteth day by and by the wedding, the bridegroom, with a net in his hand, and the bride, with a bamboo basket, walk cinque times, round the polu. The panpu which follows is very interesting as, therein, the young couple are make to enact a pantomimic drama of married life. The final ceremonial is Wadihiyam, by which the bride is sent to her husbands house. The bride-price, varying in amount from Rs. to Rs. 12, is paid to the girls parents. The Widow Marriage & Divorce Widow marriage (Mar-mamu) is in vogue. The widow is not restricted in her choice of a second husband, save that she is not a llowed to get married her deeply husbands younger or elder brother, nor any one who belongs to her husbands or her fathers section. The sons of a widow are admitted to all the privileges enjoyed by the sons of a virgin wife. The ceremony is perform on a dark night, the widow bride being previously presented with a sari and choli and a sum of Rs.I /4 for the purchase of bangles. A woman may be divorced on the ground of unchastity, the divorce being effected by the expulsion of the woman from the house, a little salt having been previously tied in her apron and the end of her garment having been removed from off her vanguard. A separated woman is allowed to marry again by the same rite as a widow, on condition, however, that her second husband refunds to her first husband, half the expenses of her marriage as a spinster. The Inheritance The Bestas follow theHindu law of inheritcjice.A sisters son, if made a son-in-law, is entitled to inherit his father- in-laws property, provided the latter dies without issue and the former performs his funeral obsequies. It is said that the firstborn son gets an extra share, or jethanga, consisting of one bullock and Rs. 25. Religion. The religion of the Bestas is a mixture of animism and orthodox Hinduism. They are divided, like other lower Telugu castes, between Vibhutidharis or Saivas, who follow the tenets of Aradhi Brahmans, and Tirraanidharis or Vaishanavas, who ack forthwith- ledge Ayyawars as their gurus.Their tutelar deity is Veankatram alias Venkateshwara, idolize every Saturday with contributions of sweetmeats and flowers, but the favourite and characteristic deity of the Bestas is Ganga, or the river goddess, worshipped by the whole caste, men, women and children, in the month of Ashada (July- August), when the rivers and streams are fleshed. The puja is done on the evening of the Thursday or Monday consequent to the full of the monsoons. The elders of the caste officiate as priests. They observe a fast during the day, and at nigh five in the evening resort to a place on the bank of a river at some distance from the hamlet.A piece of ground is smeared over with cow-dung and four, devices representing, respectively, a crocodile, a fish, a tortoise and a womanly figure of Mari Mata (the goddess presiding over cholera), are drawn upon the ground over which sand has previously been strewn. These devices are professedly covered with flowers, kunkumam, turmeric powder and powdered limestone. In front of the figure of Mari Mata is placed a monumental bamboo tray, containing a square pan made of wheaten flour and a turmeric effigy of Gouramma.The flour pan is filled with hexad pounds of ghi, in which are lighted five lamps, one in the total and one at each of the four corners. In front of Gouramma, and in the pan, are placed six bangles, a piece of cocoanut, a bodice, four annas, some areca nuts, betel-leaves, catechu and chunam(white cement). The bamboo plate is then rested on a wooden fr ame made of four pieces of pmgra wood (Erihrim indica), each two feet in length, and provide with handles of split bamboo. after the worship is over, the priests, and as rnany of tKe male atoms as are able to touch the bamboo tray, near it with the wooden frame and carry the . hole into the flooded river, plungmg into the wet sometimes neck deep. After shendi (the fermented succus of the wild date palm) has been sprinkled on all sides, the bamboo tray is thrown into the flood to be floated away by the current. After the distribution of Prasad the multitude disperse. Women are not allowed to touch the goddess. At the hyraxsera festival the Bestas worship their nets, which they always control with extreme reverence. When epidemics pf cholera and smallpox break out, the Bestas make animal offerings to te Mari M4ta or Pochamma.Brahmans are utilise for the worship of the great gods of the Hindu pantheon. Removal of the Dead The Bestas bum their dead, with the head point to the s outh, but persons dying before marriage are buried. Women dying during childbirth are burned. The ashes are collected on the third day after cremation and thrown into the nearest stream. Married agnates are mourned for eleven days the divorced for five days only. Relations are fed on the 11th day after death. On the Mahalaya day, rice, gee and some money are offered to a Brahman in the name of the deceased ancestor.Ayyawars, in the event of the deceased being a Tirmani- dhari, and Jangams, should he be a Vibhutidhari, attend the funeral ceremonies. Societal locating Socially, the Bestas rank above the Dhobi, Hajam, Waddar, Yerkala and lower unclean classes. Their social status is equal to that of the Mutrasis. They do not eat food cooked by a Jingar or a Panchadayi but bequeath do so from the turn over of the Mutrasi, Golla, Kapu Kurma and other castes of equal social to be standing. As far as their diet is concerned, they eat fowl, fish, mouton and the flesh of the crocodile, t ortoise and lizard, but abstain from pork.They indulge freelj- in fermented and distilled liquors. They do not eat the leavings of other castes. professing The, original chore of the caste is angle and palanquin bearing, but many of the members are engaged as domestic servants in Muhammadan and Hindu houses. A curious custom that prevails among them is that, when employed as palanquin bearers, they guard their food cooked in one pfitce, sharing evenly the expenditure incurred thereon at the time of meals the cooked food must be divided into exactly equal portions among the members, no matter what, their ages may be.Some of the Bestas have of late eld interpreted to cultivation as 2 means of rattlinglihood. Bhoi Gunlodu The Gunlodu, also called Nilbandhu, or the d closelyers on the river bank, are regularly originate in parts of the country where great rivers abound. Thus, they are found in the Nizamabad, Adilabad and Karimnagar Districts. They eat with the Bestas but do not intermarry with them, their exogamic sections are as follows The Origin The Nilbandhus crumple a singular account of their origin. The story runs thus There was one Narumani, who had a son by his mistress. traight away on his birth the boy was exposed, by his mother, on the seashore and when full grown was disowned by his father, but commanded to subsist by fishing in the sea since his profession bound him to the sea-shore, his descendants have been designated Nil-bandhus (nee/, water, and bhandu, bank), or those who roll in the hay on river banks. The legend suggests that the Nilbandhus may be unlawful descendants of the Bestas, the great Telugu fishing caste. Their customs and employs are the same as those of the Bestas and need no separate description. 1.Maikalwaru 2. Chatarivaru 3. Tokalawaru 4. Budhawaru 5. Kondalawaru 6. Shavalawaru 7. Palikandawaru 8. Raghupatiwaru 9. Sitaralawaru 10. Dawalhawaru 11. Gamalawaru 12. Padigallawaru 13. Tupurwaru 14. Kalampalliwaru & 15. Maratha Bhois The Origin of the Maratha Bhois, as their name denotes, constitute the numerous members of the fishing caste of the Marathawada country, wliich includes all the Districts of the Aurangabad Subah and the Bidar and Usmanabad Districts of the Gulbarga Subah. In physical features and customs they differ markedly from the Telugu Bhois.They are divided into two endogamous groups the Maratha proper and the Machinde who eat together but do not intermarry. The Mciratha proper may be an off-shoot from the Maratha Kunbis, whom they closely resemble and from whom they are probably separated by having interpreted to the degraded occupation of fishing and litter bearing. Tiie Machinde Bhois claim to be descended from Machindranath, the chief disciple of Gorakhnath, the famous founder of the sect of Kanphate Jogis. This, however, go bys no clue to the real origin of the sub-caste.Internal , Structure The Maratha Bhois have a number of exogamous sections, consisting of family surn ames, many of which are common to this caste and the Maratha Kunbis. The following are some of the commonest of them 1. Adane 2. Lonare 3. Tamkhane 4. Landage 5. Nemade 6. Khandgale 7. Dake 8. Wankhile 9. Hirawe 10. Jirange 11. Kesapure 12. Jamdade 13. Kajale (Balija/Kajal) 14. Pabale 15. Bhujange 16. Kambale (Raja Kampalam / Hampi / Thotti Nayakar) 17. Surdushe 18. Satode 19. Bavne 20. Gavande (Tamil Vettuva Gounder/ Kannadia Okkaliga gounder) 21. Bhadaskal 22. Ghone & 23. GhatmalThe Marriage Marriages within the surname are banned. A man cannot marry the daughter of his maternal aunt or of his sister, though he may marry that of his irrational uncle. He rarely marries his paternal aunts daughter, although such marriages are not nix by any tribal usage. Two sisters may be married to the same husband, or to two brothers, prejudged the elder sister is married to the elder brother and the younger sister to the younger. The Maratha Bhois marry their daughters Doth as sisters, and as adults between the ages of eight and twenty, and their sons between twelve and twenty-five.Sexual intercourse before marriage is tolerated, but a girl taken in adultery is punished with a small fine. If she becomes pregnant before marriage her doxy is called upon to marry her, but in case he declines, she loses caste. Polygamy is permitted. In theory, there is no limit to the number of wives a man may have and it is not uncommon to find a man having to a greater extent than one wife. The father of the boy, as a rule, takes the initiative towards the settlement of a marriage. At the betrothal, or nhu laoane, the girl is presented with a sari and the caste panch receiye, by right, Rs. from the boys father for kusali or drinking. The DeOak, or marriage deity, is represent by twigs of the mango, saundad Prosopis spicigera) and apta (Bauhinia racemosa), which are tied, with an axe and a wooden pestle, to the milk post (muhurta medha) of the marriage booth. precedent to the marria ge, Virs (ancestral spirits) and the goddess Bhavani of Tuljapur are propitiated by the sacrifice of a goat. The marriage procession is usually made on horseback, but occasionally on a bullock.Pamgrahana, or the gift of the bride to the bridegroom, forms the essential portion of the ceremony. In other reckon it resembles that of the Maratha caste. A widow may marry again. Separation is permitted on the land of the wifes adultery, or if the couple cannot live in harmony. The Religion. The Family worship is in full force and the souls of the done for(p) are propitiated every Saturday by the antiquated member of the family the souls of adults are called Virs, those of children Munjas and of females Manvi. On the wedding day goats are sacrificed in honour of these spirits.The members of the caste are very scrupulous in the worship of these spirits, for it is firmly believed that if they neglect this worship they leave never live in peace and happiness. Muhammadan pirs are also duly honored with animal sacrifices. Brahmans are employed for religious and ceremonial purposes. The dead are burned, but occasionally buried. Mourning is observed for 9 days, and on the 10th day Sradha is performed and the caste people are feasted. Sradha is also celebrated on the Pitra Amawas)a day and on the Ashatriti)a day.Machinde Bhois General Description The Machinde Bhois are mostly fishermen, but are also engaged as palanquin bearers and domestic servants. The females soak and parch grain. The members of the caste use donkeys for carrying burdens and are hence looked spate upon by the Telugu Bhois. The Maratha and Machinde Bois sop up the savie social rank among the Maratha castes as the Telugu Bhois do between the Telugu caste. They eat the flesh of fowl and sheep and drink alcoholic and fermented liquors, but abstain from beef and pork.The Manness and Customs In the Adilabad District, especially in the Talukas of Jangaon, Rajura and Shirpur, Marathi-speaking Bhois are f ound, but these are entirely distinct in their manners and civilization from the Maratha Bhois of the Marathawada Districts. It appears that the former are the descendants of those Bhois who came with the Maratha conquerors, settled with them in the Berar and Nagpur provinces and subsequently immigrated to the neighbouring territory in H. H. tfjpe Nizams Dominions. They are divided into two sub-castes, Bendore and Bhanare, who are said to eat with each other but not intermarry.These are broken into exogamous sections, which consist of family names resembling those of the local anesthetic Maratha Kunbis. A man cannot marry a woman of his own section. He may marry the daughter of his mothers brother or his fathers sister and two sisters may marry the same man, provided the elder is married first. Both infant and adult marriages are practiced by the caste. Sexual inter-course before marriage is tolerated, but punished with a small fine. If, however, the girl becomes pregnant before mar riage, she is required to disclose the name of her seducer, who is forced to marry her by the caste council.Polygamy is allowed. The Marriage. The marriage ceremony takes place towards sun- down, at the bridegrooms house, to which the girl is escorted in procession on horseback by her people. Under the marriage booth is a circular platform built of earth with a post of salai (Bostcellia thmijera) planted jn the centre. This central post is surrounded by earthen vessels, and the bride-groom facing the east and the bride facing ,the west, with the post in their middle, are wedded by a Brahman priest. A man of the washerman caste provides threads for marriage bracelets, which are tied by the bridal pair on each others wrists.On the third day, the bridegroom dressed in the brides clothes and the bride in the bridegrooms are paraded in march, after which they are mounted on the backs of their respective maternal uncles, who dance to the accompaniment of drums and go five times round t he earthen platform. The bride-price to the amount of Rs. 5, is paid to the girls father. Re-marriage of widows is permitted and celebrated on a dark night of any month. Women are divorced and are subsequently allowed to marry again by the same rite s widows.The Religion and Funerals Khudbhan, the favor deity of the caste, is worshipped every day. The other deities honored are the god Mahadeva of the Hindu pantheon and the animistic deity Pochamma, who presides over smallpox. The spirits of ancestors are also propitiated. The dead are either burned-out or buried. When a person is on the point of death, ambil, or gruel, is poured into his mouth. Mourning is observed for 5 days. No Sradha ceremony is celebrated, but an image of the deceased is embossed on a meta plate and installed in the gods room.The social place and Occupation Their social position may be determined by the fact that they will eat from the hands of the Kunbis, Malis, Dhangars and Kumbhars, while the Kunbis wi ll recognize water only, but nothing else, from a member of the caste. The members of the caste eat the flesh of goats, sheep, fowls, hares, deer, scaly and scaleless fish and great lizards and drink spirits. Their hereditary occupation is fishing, palanquin bearing and f and so oning as domestic servants. Some of them have taken to cultivation. They have a caste panchayet to which social disputes are referred. 10 Boyars in South India The Karnataka Boyars are said to be the Venerable Bede/valmiki and they belongs surya vamsi (solar race)in India,from whom sprang the following seven great clans of Bedars, bearing the names of their progenitors 1. Nishadas, who hunted tigers, bears and wild boars and ate the flesh of buffaloes. 2. Sheras, who made a living by selling jungle roots, fruit and sandalwood Sanialum album). 3. Kavangriyaris, who wore long hair and had their ear-lobes bored with large(p) holes. They subsisted on the sale of bidla Pterocarpus marsupium) and oyster shells . 4.Salikas, who were employed as day laborers in digging swell and tanks. 5. Ksharakaris, who made lime and salt. 6. Ansaris, who were fishermen and worked also as ferrymen. 7. Sheshatardharis, who were hunters and fowlers. All these seven clans were distinguished by their respective gotra names or badged 1. Gojaldaru or Gujjar. 2. Gosalru or Gurral. 3. Bhadmandalkaru. 4. Saranga Gunda Bahsarandlu or Sarang Gauda. 5. Tayarasamantaru or Tair Samant. 6. Pingal Rangamanya. 7. Rajadhiraj (Maharaja). This elaborate organisation appears to be traditional and to have no bearing upon the present social division of the tribe.The Early History The Bedars were a gray India tribe and came into the Decan under their leader Kalappa Naik early in the sixteenth century. They first settled at Adhoni and Dambala, situated in the Raichur Duab, which was then a bone of contention between Krishna Raylu, the king of Vijayanagaram, and Ismail Adil Shah, the Sultan of Bijapur. The Bedars, taking bene fit of the unhappy times, raided and plundered the country far and wide, so that, for the time being, they were tine terror of the surrounding districts. Partly by small town and partly by conquest, they gradually extended their territories until, under Pam.Nayak 1. (1674-1695), they founded a assert, and fixed their capital at Vakinagir, two miles west of Shorapur. Pam Naik was the bravest of the dynasty and helped Sikandar Adil Shah, the last of the Bijapur Sultans, in subduing his rebel nobles and in his wars with the Generals of Aurangzeb. The Sultan, in gratitude, granted him a magnificent jagir and conferred upon him all the insignia of royalty with the titles Gajag Bahirand Gaddi Bahari Bahadur. Pam Naik styled himself Raja, a title which has since descended to his successors.He organized the State, dividing it into provinces, over which he plant Subedars. He was also a great builder, and raised unseasoned forts, constructed roads and tanks, and built stately temples. It was in his time that the countrys of Bijapur and Golconda were subdued by Aurangzeb. In his successor, pelvic inflammatory disease Naik Bahari (1695-1725 A. D. ), the power of the Bedars had reached its zenith. He strongly resisted the power of Aurangzeb, and defeated the Imperial forces in toss battles. At last the Emperor took the field in person and besieged the Bedar strong-hold of Vakingira.The fort made a galant stand, but was reduced ultimately by Zulfikarkhan, the best of Aurangzebs Generals. It was, however, retaken by the Bedars immediately on the departure of Aurangzeb. Pid Naik removed the seat of government from Vakingira to Shorapur, which he founded on a hill. He introduced many reforms and ruled the State in greater splendour than any of his predecessors. After a glorious reign of 31 days he died in 1726 A. D. The later history of the Shorapur Rajas is blended with that of the Nizams of Hyderabad, whom they acknowledged as their suzerain lords, paying an annual grant of 1,45,000 rupees.Though brave, they were not able rulers and were not infrequently involved in the wars of the Nizams with the Marathas and other contemporary powers. The decline of the State had already commenced and was hastened by internal dissensions, mal- memorial tablet and reckless extravagance, until, after a brief revival under the administration of Colonel Meadows Taylor, it was confiscated out account of the rebellion of the Raja -Venkatappa Naik against the British Government (1858), and ceded to H. H. the Nizam in 1860 A. D. The Internal Structure, The in-house structure of the Bedars is very intricate.This is due, partly to the large area over which they are scattered, and partly to the different social levels that have been formed among them. Thus at the highest level are the Rajas and rich landholders who have, in every respect, understood the style of higher(prenominal) Hindu castes, while the lowest level is occupied by the bulk of the people who adhere t o their aboriginal customs and usages and have few scruples in diet eat beef, as well as cat and other in clean animals. The following endogamous groups are found among them 1. badar or Naikulu (Valmika) Bedars. . Tanged Bedars. 3. Mangala Bedars. 4. Chakla Bedars. 5. Neech Bedars. 6. Basavi Bedars. 7. Ramoshi Bedars. 8. Jas Bedars. 9. Bedars (proper). Of these, the Naikulu sub-tribe, called also Naikulu Maklus, claim the highest rank and decline to hold any spiritual union either of food or of matrimony with the other sub-tribes. To this sub-tribe the Bedar Rajas of Shorapur and other principalities belong. The Mangala Bedars are barbers and the Chakla Bedars washermen to the Bedar tribes and have, in effect of their occupation, formed separate groups.Neech Bedars are cognise to abstain from eating fowl or drinking shendi, the fermented sap of the wild date palm. They do not touch the shendi tree, nor sit on a mat made of its leaves. Basavi Bedars are the progeny of Basavis, or Bedar girls employ to the gods and brought up, subsequently, as prostitutes. They form a separate community comprising (1) children of unions, by regular marriage, between the sons and daughters of Basavis, (2) the children of Basatis themselves. While among other Bedar tribes Basavis are made in pursuance of vows otAncient family customs, among Basavi Bedars there is a rule under which each family is said to be bound to offer up one of its girls to this gods as Basavi. The daughters of Basaois, for whom husbands cannot be procured in their community, are wedded to swords or idols. On an auspicious day, the girl to be apply is taken, m procession, to the temple, bearing on her head a lighted lamp. After she has been made to hang a garland round the sword or the idol, a tali (mangalsutra) is tied round her neck and her marriage with the sword or the idol is complete.She is, thenceforward, allowed to consort with any man provided that he is not of a lower caste ,han herself. A Bas aoi girl is entitled to share, equally with her brothers, the property of her father or mother. The euphemistic n,-me Basavi originally denoted girls who were dedicated to Bavanna, the deified founder of the Lingayit sect, but the title is, at the present day, borne by a girl dedicated to any god. The Ramoshi Bedars are found in large numbers in the Marathawada districts. They are, no doubt, a branch of Bedars who appear to have migrated to the Maratha country after their settlement in the Carnatic.This view is supported by a tradition which states that they came into Maharashtra under the five sons of Kalappa Naik. In their features and customs, but especially in their predatory tendencies, they have preserved the characteristics of their race. They . regard, with pride, the Raja of Shorapur as the head of their clan. equal their brethren in the Carnatic, they were highly valued for their military qualities, filled the armies of Shivaji and his successors, and distinguished themse lves as brave soldiers.During the last century they gave a darling deal of trouble to British ships officers, but they have now settled down as industrious cultivators. Their social status among the Maratha castes is very low, for even their touch is regarded as unclean by the respectable classes. They appear to have broken off all connection with the Carnatic Bedars and form at present an independent group. They talk Marathi in their houses. The word Ramoshi is a local name and is supposed to be a corruption of Rama-vanshis descendants of Rama or of Ranwashis, meaning dwellers of foists. Bedars (proper) occupy the lowest level among the tribe. They cling to their aboriginal usages, eating beef and canion and worshipping animistic deities. They carry Margamma Devi on their heads in a box, and subsist begging alms in her name. The Boyas, as the Bedars are designated in Telingana, are divided into (1) Sadar Boya and (2) Boya, corresponding to the Sadar Bedars and the Bedars of th e Carnatic. It is also said that they have only two main divisions (1) Nyas Byadrus, (2) Gugaru Byadrus, the members of which neither eat together nor intermarry.The Bedars are said to be divided into 101 exogamous sections, numbers of which are of the optimistic type, although the totems do not . appear to be respected. Marriage in ones own section is strictly forbidden, The marriage o4 two sisters to the same husband is permitted, provided the elder is carried first. Two brothers may marry two sisters and a man may marry the daughter of his elder sister. A member of a higher caste may gain admission into the Bedar community by paying a fine to the tribal Panchdat and by providing a feast for the members of the community.On the occasion, the proselyte is required to eat with them and next to have a betel nut cut on the tip of his tongue. After the meals he is required to remove all the plates. The Marriage The Bedars get married their daughters either as infants, or after they hav e attained the age of puberty. Sexual indiscretions before marriage are tolerated and are condoned only by a slight punishment. Should a girl become pregnant before marriage her seducer is compelled to marry her. Cohabitation is permitted, even though the girl has not attained sexual maturity.Polygamy is recognized and a man may marry as many wives as his means allow him to maintain. The marriage ceremony of the Bedars comprises rituals which be in contact closely with those in use among other local castes. A suitable girl having been selected, and preliminary arrangements and ceremonies concluded, a marriage pandal of five pillars of shevri Seshania ebgptiacd) is erected in the court-yard of the bridegrooms house. On the ar adversary of the bride at the bridegrooms house the bridal pair are seated on a platform, built, under the wedding mandrel, with ant-hill earth, and are rubbed over with turmeric pasted five married females.Previous to the wedding, four earthen vessels, filled with water, are set at the comers of a square space prepared outside the booth, and are connected with a cotton thread. A fifth vessel, also filled with water, is kept in the centre of the square, and covered with a burning lamp. The bridal pair, with their sisters, are seated opposite to this lamp, and made to bear ceremonial ablution. Dressed in new wedding garments, with their brows adorned with bashing , and the ends of their clothes knotted together, he bride and bride-groom are led immediately to a seat under the booth and are wedded by Brahmans who hold an antipode (a silk curtain) between the pair, pronounce benedictory mantras and shower rice and grain over their heads. Mangalsutra, or the lucky bead necklace, is hanied round to be touched by the whole assembly, and tied, in the presence of the caste Panchayat, by the bridegroom round the brides neck. The couple are then led round, making obeisance first to the gods, then to the Panchas and in conclusion to the elderly re latives.The ceremony next in importance, and purely of a Kulachar character, is Bhrnnd, celebrated on the 3rd day after the wedding. A conical heap ei cooked rice, crested with twenty wheat cakes and a quantity of vegetables, is deposited on a piece of white cloth under the wedding pandal. Before this sacred heap, frankincense is burned and offerings of eleven betel -leaves and nuts and eleven copper coins are made. After two handfuls of this food have been handed to the bridal pair, eleven married couples mix the food with sugar and ghee and eat it.After the meal is over, five of them touch, with their hands soiled with food, the bodies of the wedded pair who, thereupon, are required to cast away the lumps of food they held in their hands. The celebration of the Dandya ritual on the 4th day, and the bestowal of a feast to the relatives and friends, bring the nuptial legal proceeding to a close. It is said that Bedars abstain from drink during the four days of the marriage ceremon y. Except among respectable families, a Bedar widow is allowed to marry again, but not the brother of her deceased husband.She may, however, re-marfy the husband of her elder sister. The price for a widfiw is Rs. 12 and is generally paid to her parents. The ceremony is of a, simple character. At night the parties repair to nanumans temple, where the bride is presented with a new white sari, a choli (bodice) and some bangles. After the widow has put on these, her proposed husband ties pusti (a bead necklace) approximately her neck. The assembly then return to the bridegrooms house. Next day a feast is addicted to the members of the tribe in honour of the event. Divorce Divorce is recognized by those who allow their widows to re-marry.A divorced woman can claim alimony from the husband if it be the latters fault that led to the divorce. If a woman goes wrong with a man of a lower caste she is turned out of her community. Liaison with a man of a higher caste is tolerated, and condon ed only by a small fine. Divorced women are permitted to marry again by the same rite as widows. Inheritance. In matters of inheritance, the Bedars follow the Hindu law. The usage of ChudaWand obtains between them. Under this usage the property is divided equally among wives, provided they have sons. A Basavi girl (dedicated to the gods) shares equally with her brothers.Religion In point of religion, the Bedars are divided into Vaishanavas and Saivas. The Vaishnavas worship Vishnu and his incarnations of Rama and Shri Vyankatesh. The Shivas pay homage to the god Siva and generally abstain from all work on Mondays, in honour of the deity. Some of the Bedars follow the tenets of Lingayitism, do reverence to Basava in the form of a bull, and employ jangams as their priests. The favorite deity with Basavi Bedars is Shri Krishna, in whose honour a great festival is held on the Janmashtami day (the 8th of the light half of Shravana). xcept the special deities of the tribe are Hanuman an d Ellama, worshipped on Saturday, when the Bedars abstain from flesh. Their principal festivals are Dassera in Aswin (October- November) and Basant Panchmi in Magh (February-March), which are celebrated with great pomp and ceremony. Pochamma (the smallpox deity), Mariamma (the goddess presiding over cholera), Maisamma, Balamma, Nagamwia (the serpent* goddess) and a host of minor gods and spirits are also appeased with offerings of animals. The worship of departed souls is said to prevail among the tribe.Child Birth A woman, after child-birth, is unclean for five days. As soon as the child is born, its umbilical cord is cut by the mid- wife, and buried underground on the 3rd day after birth. Brahmans are employed for religious and ceremonial purposes. Disposal of the Dead The Vaishanava Bedars burn their dead in a lying posture, while the Saivas bury them in a sitting posture with the face turned towards the east. Members of respectable families perform Srddha on the 12th and 13th d ays, and generally conform to the funeral rites in vogue among the Brahmins.Social Status The social status of the Bedars is not easy to define. The huge Zamindars and Rajas occupy an eminent position in the caste and are looked upon with respect, while even the touch of the Ramoshi Bedars is regarded as unclean. Village wells are open to them for water and temples are open to them for worship. Concerning their diet they have few scruples eating beef, pork, fowl, jackals, rats, lizards, wild cats, in mulct all animals except snakes, dogs and kites. They eat carrion and indulge freely in spirituous and fermented liquors.They do not eat the leavings of any caste. Occupation. The Bedars believe their original occupation to be hunting and military service. Peaceful times and the introduction of feisty laws have compelled them to take to agriculture. They are also employed as village watchmen and messengers and discharge their duties faithfully. As agriculturists, a few have risen t o the position of great land-lords and jdgirdars. The bulk are either occupancy and non-occupancy riots or landless day-laborers. Panchayat The Bedars have a strong tribal Panchdyat cognize as Kattd.The head of the Panchayat is called Kattimani and has authority both in religious and social matters. All social, religious and ceremonial points and disputes are referred to this consistence for decision, and judgments passed by it are irrevocable and enforced on pain of loss of caste. A woman criminate of adultery, or of eating food from a member of an inferior caste, is expelled from the community arfd is restored only on her head being shaved and the rap of her tongue branded with a live coal of the mi plant. 11The Nayak Peoples having different identifications throughout the country to know them, they were as follows- Koli, Nayaka, Boyar,Telaga, Bantu,Mudiraj,Mutrasi, Tenugollu,Bedaru,Gangaputra & Gangawar caste is known by different names in different parts of the country such as Mutharacha, MuthiRajuloo, Muthrasan, Muthirasi, Mudiraj, Naik, Bantu,Tellugode, Telaga, Thenogode, Talari, Koli etc. in Andhra Pradesh, asMuthirayar and Muthirayan in Tamilnadu, as Gangawar, Gangamatha, Bestha,Boya, Kabber, Kabbalgar and Gangaputra, Koli etc. in Karnataka and as Koli in northern parts of the country.The main occupation and profession of these people is fishing since ancient times. Anantaraman Commission categorized the Backward Classes under four groups. Aboriginal tribes, Vimukta jathis, roving and semi nomadic tribes are included in Group A. 12 The Solar race koli people of boya palegar were ruled throughout the sound India by the honorary title of Nayaka, The valmiki said to be Balija / Balji / Gurusthula / Naidu, those people were ruled the Tanjavore, Madura and Vijayanagar. Origin Balija, Balji, Gurusthulu, Naidu. A large trading persons.In the Central Provinces 1200 were enumerated in 191 1, excluding 1500 Perikis, who though really a sub-caste and not a very exalted one of Balijas, claim to be a separate caste. They are mostly returned from places where Madras troops have been stationed, as Nagpur, Jubbulpore and Raipur. The caste are frequently known as Naidu, a corruption of the Telugu word Nayakdu, a prince or leader. Their associates are supposed to have been Nayaks or kings of Madura, Tanjore and Vijayanagar. 13 Gulti A section of Boya, members of which are to be found in Choolay, Madras City. 4 Boyars said to be Valmiki bhramanas. ,15 sadaru and lingayat were sub section of boya people. 16 The Boya people sub section known as Kal odder(stone and building workers), man odder(earth digging), Pai odder(mat) and bandi odder(cart). 17 BOYA NAYAKAS IN CENTRAL prevalence IN INDIA Two particular clans, the Surajvansi and Chandra or Somvansi, are named after the sun and stargaze respectively and a few others, as the Sesodia, Kachhwaha, Gohil, Bais and Badgijjar, are recorded as being of the solar race, descended from Vishnu throug hout his incarnation as Rama.The Rathors also claimed solar lineage, but this was not wholly conceded by the Bhats, and the Dikhits are assigned to the solar branch by their legends. The great clan of the Yadavas, of v/hom the present Jadon or Jadumand Bhatti Rajputs are representatives, was of the lunar (moon) race, tracing their descent from Krishna, though, as a matter of fact, Krishna was also an incarnation of Vishnu or the sun and the Tuar or Tomara, as well as the Jit or Gete, the Rajput section of the modern Jats, who were considered to be branches of the Yadavas, would also be of the moon division.The Gautam and Bisen clans, who are not included in the thirty-six royal races, now claim lunar descent. Four clans, the Panwar, Chauhan, Chaluk)-a or Solankhi, and Parihar, had a different origin, being held to have been born through the agency of the gods from a fire- pit on the hint of mature Abu. They are therefore known as Agnikula or the fire races. (Kachhwaha, Gohil, Bais and Badgijjar, are recorded as being of the solar race, descended from Vishnu through his incarnation as Rama). 18 Maurya Kings were Solar or Sun travel people. 19 Place Punjab, Patna, Odissi, MysorePeriod Period Lanuages Old Indic (Sanskrit, Prakrits) Rulers Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara, Ashoka the great, Dasaratha, Satadhanvan, Brihadratha. 20,21 The word of Bhoyar said to be Bhoir/ Mahajan/Patel and it has been arrived from the rajput of Panwar community and the the word of Bhor in bhoyar mean sun rice, and facing east, start to go east etc. The Bhoyar were segmented into four. Those were- 1. Panwari 2. Dalewar 3. Chaurasia & 4. Dharia The boyars were done agriculture, and they dealt with other people and They can take food from only bhramins, and does not from others.The water will be taken from the equal peoples of boya, and the boya people will be named their child 10 to 12 names till the good one is suit and even it struggled then they have to fix the name of the child w ith the help of astrologer. 22 The boyars and the koli were the same community and they know the proper agriculture business with proper water cultivation by fixing paths. 23,24 The boya and koli people constructed the dam for the purpose of proper agriculture and fulfil the need of water in various purposes of living to the people of the country. 5 Dharia from Dhar , the old name of Jubbulpore country,They were rajputs and the same clan of Bhoya and the sub section were Balar, Mahar, Maratha, & Teli, Chadar & Kalia. 26 Dhokwar is Sub caste of bhoyar and Koli/Goli. 27 Panwar is Rajput vamse and Bhoyar and Banja is sub sections of panwar, furthermore the Ahir, Bhilala, Kosali, Maratha, and Marori were also generated from Panwar. 28 Ahir community called as Gaoli,Guala,Golkar,Gaolan,Rawat,Gahra, and Mahakul. The Golkars of Chanda may be derived from the Telugu Golars or graziers, the Ahir people known as koli and the same people till now ruling the Nepal.In many castes there is a sep arate division of AhIrs, such as the Ahir Sunars, Sutars, Lohars, Shimpis, Sails, Guraos and Kolis. The Lord Krishna Born in Ahir community, In Chanda the Gowaris are admittedly descended from the unions of Gonds and Ahirs, and one of their subcastes, the Gond- Gowaris)29 The Lord Krishna race is moon race, already we understood that the mothers kul considered for children birth in earlier days, just like the Mother Ganga name will be fixed for Bhima generations in Mahabharath purana, so till the Boya people known as Ganga putra, Ganga Matha, Gangawar/Gangavar etc. to name the community in the common stock of the entire people in the country. It has not been forgotten that Krishna is sometimes given, on his fathers sides, a solar pedigree but it is as member of a lunar dynasty, the Jadons of Mathura, that he is chiefly celebrated. ) 30 The Bhoya and Korku People Base at Dhar City clan, The quotations previously given have shown how this virile clan of Rajputs travelled to the nort h, south and east from their own country in search of a livelihood. ll over the place they made their mark so that they live in history, but they paid no regard to the purity of their Rajput blood and took to themselves wives from the women of the country as they could get them. The Panwars of the Wainganga Valley have developed into a caste marrying among themselves. They have no subcastes but thirty-six exogamous sections. Some of these have the names of Rajput clans, while others are derived from villages, titles or names of offices, or from other castes.Among the titular names are Chaudhri (Velama/Kamma) (headman), Patlia (patel or chief officer of a village) and Sonwania (one who purifies offenders among the Gonds and other tribes). Among the names of other castes are Bopcha or Korku, Bhoyar (a caste of cultivators), Pardhi (hunter), Kohli (a local cultivating caste) and Sahria (from the Saonr tribe). These names sign how freely they have intermarried. It is noticeable that th e Bhoyars and Korkus of Betul both say that their ancestors were Panwars of Dhar, and the occurrence of both names among the Panwars of Balaghat may taper that these castes also have some Panwar blood.Three names, Rahmat (kind), Turukh or Turk, and Farld (a well-known saint), are of Muhammadan origin, and indicate intermarriage in that quarter. Girls are usually, but not necessarily, married before adolescence. Occasionally a Panwar boy who cannot afford a regular wedding will enter his prospective father-in-laws house and serve him for a year or more, when he will obtain a daughter in marriage. And sometimes a girl will contract a liking for some man or boy of the caste and will go to his house, leaving her home. In such cases the parents accept the accomplished fact, and the couples are married.If the boys parents refuse their consent they are temporarily put out of caste, and subsequently the neighbors will not pay them the customary visits on the occasions of family joys and s orrowfulnesss. Even if a girl has lived with a man of another caste, as long as she has not borne a child, she may be re-admitted to the community on payment of such penalty as the elders may determine. If her own parents will not take her back, a man of the same gotra or section is appointed as her guardian and she can be married from his house.The ceremonies of a Panwar marriage are detailed. Marriage-sheds are erected at the houses both of the bride and bridegroom in accordance with the usual practice, and just before the wedding, parties are given at both houses the village watchman brings the toraji or string of mango- leaves, which is hung round the marriage-shed in the manner of a exultant arch, and in the evening the party assembles, the men sitting at one side of the shed and the women at the other.Presents of clothes are made to the child who is to be married, and the following song is sung The mother of the bride grew idle and went away to the mango grove. Come soon, com e quickly. Mother, it is tlie time for giving clothes. The father of the bridegroom has sent the bride a fold of cloth from his house, The fold of it is like the curve of the winnowing-fan, and there is a bodice decked with coral and pearls. Before the veridical wedding the father of the bridegroom goes to the brides house and gives her clothes and other presents, and the following is a specimen given by Mr.Muhammad Yusuf of the songs sung on this occasion Five years old to-day is Bfija Bai the bride Send word to the mother of the bridegroom Her dress is too short, send for the Koshta, Husband The Koshta came and wove a border to the dress. Afterwards the girls father goes and makes tally presents to the bridegroom. After many preliminary ceremonies the marriage procession proper sets forth, consisting of men only. Before the boy starts his mother places her breast in his mouth the maid-servants stand before him with vessels of water, and he puts a piece in each.During the trip s ongs are sung, of which the following is a specimen The linseed and gram are in flower in Chait. O the boy bridegroom is going to another country O Mother how may he go to another country? Make payment before he enters another country O Mother how may he cross the border of another country? Make payment before he crosses the border of another country O Mother how may he touch anothers bower . Make payment before he touches anothers bower O Mother how shall he bathe with peculiar water? Make payment before he bathes with strange waterO Mother how may he eat anothers baiiwat? Make payment before he eats anothers banwat O Mother how shall he marry another woman? He shall wed her holding the little finger of her left hand. The bridegrooms parties are forever driven to the marriage in bullock-carts, and when they approach the brides village her people also come to carry out them in carts. All the party then turns and race to the village, and the winner obtains much distinction. The ca rt men later go to the bride- grooms father and he has to make them a present of from one to forty rupees.On arriving at the village the bridegroom is carried to Devis shrine in a mans arms, while four other men hold a canopy over him, and from there to the marriage- shed. He touches a bamboo of this, and a man seated on the top pours turmeric and water over his head. Five men of the grooms party go to the brides house carrying salt, and here their feet are washed and the tika or mark of anointing is made on their foreheads. Afterwards they carry rice in the same manner and with this is the wedding-rice, colored yellow with turmeric and known as the Lagun-gath. Before sunset the bridegroom goes to the brides house for the wedding.Two baskets are hung before Dulha Deos shrine inside the house, and the couples are seated in these with a cloth between them. The ends of their clothes are knotted, the four Agnikula or fire- born clans, the Parihar, Chalukya or Solankhi, Panwar and Chauh an, are considered to be the descendants of the White Hun and Gujar invaders of the fifth and sixth centuries. These clans were said to have been created by the gods from a firepit on the summit of Mount Abu for the re-birth of the Kshatriya caste after it had been exterminated by the slaughter of Parasurama the Brahman.And it has been suggested that this legend refers to the cruel massacres of the Huns, by which the bulk of the old aristocracy, then mainly buddhist, was wiped out while the Huns and Gujars, one at least of whose leaders was a igneous adherent of Brahmanism and slaughtered the Buddhists of the Punjab, became the new fire-born clans on being absorbed into Hinduism. The name of the Huns is still retained in the Huna clan, now almost extinct. There remain the clans descended from the sun through Rama, and it would be points out that the Buddha here referred origin. o is probably the planet Mercury. 31 chalukya clan and rulers were Bhoya /Bhoi People and they have ruled the odissa desh in 16th centrury just about 234 years by 12 kings were ruled the country. 32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39 The Boya village histry at Pali district at Rasjastan tell the history of boya and they known as Rajput. 40 Important history in the nayakas Prataprudradeva inherited a vast kingdom which was however fast declining. By that time the kingdom of Vijayanagar was rapidly rising as a rival of Orissa.In 1509 when The Solar Race, Prataprudra led a campaign against Vijayanagar, Krushnadeva Raya had just succeeded to the throne of other kingdom, but before a decisive battle was fought Sultan Allauddin Hussan Shah of Bengal invaded Orissa and advanced as far as her capital. So Prataprudradeva was forced to give up war with Vijayanagar and rushed back to his capital. Sultan Hussan Shah was defeated and was driven back beyond the borders of Orissa. entirely in the south Krishnadeva Raya acquired an easy victory over Orissan army. The last war Krishnadeva Raya with the army of Ori ssa was fought in 1519 and this time also he came out victorious.Durinmg this last war he is said to have burnt the city of Katak. Subsequently a treaty was concluded between Orissa and Vijayanagar in August 1519. According to the treaty the river Krishna formed the southern boundary of Orissa. Krishnadeva Raya married Jaganmohini, the daughter of Prataprudradeva. Prataprudradeva succeeded in retaining his kingdom from the Ganges to the Krishna inspite of military defeats. During his rule Orissa made great advancement in the sphere of religion and culture. Sri Chaitanya who came to Orissa in 1510 preached the gospel of Vaishnavism and had a great violation on the religion and culture of Orissa. 41,42,43Markable Nayaka in Deity Services The Boya hunter Kannappa Nayanar donate his eyes to Lord Siva. 44,45,46 sree Bhaktha Kannappa/ Sree Kannappa Nayanar pic Sree bhaktha kannapa was known as boya thinnadu by his parants Temples of Boya Nayak Sree Poori Jeganathar Temple pic Sree Poori Jeganathar Temple, orissa, from 16th century to till now the Boya king trusties taking care of temple. 47,48 Sree Bhoya Konda Gangamma Temple pic pic Gangamma Temple In Boyakonda , Chittoor Gangamma is the incarnation of Shakti. Located at Chowdepalli, Chittoor District, near Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, her temple is dedicated to the sister of Venkateswara.Centuries ago the tribals Boyas and Yelikas lived in the forest area around the hillock. They stood up and resented the repressive and automatic rule of the Nawabs. They retaliated against the Muslim soldiers and chased them. The Golconda Nawab rushed additional troops to crush the revolt. Boya tribals could not withstand the blast of the Muslim army and fled into the forest and prostrated near the hillock and prayed Almighty to save them. The spirit of the Goddess Shakti descended from the hillock, shielded the tribals and modest the Nawabs army.Local people say that the Shakti has tied the heads of soldiers to banyan tree branc hes. 49 sree chenna Kesava Perumal Temple pic Sree Chenakesava temple , Kadavakallu. This village is about 20 km from Tadipatri on the Kondapuram-Goddumarri road in Putlur mandal, and also known as Kalava-Koladu and it was the seat of local chiefs, ie. Boya Palegars. The temple Chennakesava was constructed by Messa Thimma Naidu, a Boya palegar. The temple has garbhagriha, antrala ,mukhamandapa and faces west. are of Nagara order. The sikhara of this temple is decorated with stucco vainasanava sculptures.This temple is go out to 16th century A. D. 50 Role of Boya Nayakas in Temple Developments The Boya Nayakas done many donations to the temple in various periods. 51 Important Boya Nayaka Politicians pic Dr. B. R. Ambedkar come from Mahar community and it was a sub section of Bhoya community. 52,53 References 1. People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Three edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 1092 to 1094 Manohar Publications 2. People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Thr ee edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 1092 to 1094 Manohar Publications 3. Wilson Hunter (1885).The imperial gazetteer of India Contributor University of Massachusetts, Boston first1=William. 3. Trubner & co.. p. 428 location=capital of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 2012-10-17. 4. Thurston, Edgar Rangachari, K. (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. V (M to P). Madras Government Press. p. 138-139. Retrieved 2012-03-24. 5. 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